Self and identity

Question 1

Define the self

Answer 1

symbolic contrsuct reflecting consciousness of our own identity and an awareness that we exist as a being, seperare from other beings

Question 2

define the collective self

Answer 2

attributes shared with ingroup members and distinct from outgroup members

Question 3

individual self

Answer 3

attributes that make us unique relative to other people

Question 4

relational self

Answer 4

relationships one has with specific other people.

Question 5

self awareness

Answer 5

a psychological state in which people are aware of their traits, feelings and behaviours, esentially when the self becomes the focus of attention.

Question 6

when do babies recognise the reflection is themselves (lewis and brooks)

Answer 6

around 18 months

Question 7

public self awareness -

Answer 7

knowing others are aware of me

Question 8

private self awareness

Answer 8

im aware of me

Question 9

consequences of PRIVATE self awareness

Answer 9

1. intensified emotional response.
2. clarification of knowledge
3. adherence to personal standards of behaviour = true beliefs become emphasized and less susceptible to external forces.

Question 10

consequences of public self awareness

Answer 10

1. evaluation apprehension
2. adherence to social standards of behaviour.

Question 11

self consciousness

Answer 11

the extent to which an individual is chronically aware of their traits, feelings and behaviour.

Question 12

privately self conscious

Answer 12

experience more intense emotions
act in line with personal beliefs
less likely to suffer ill health due to noticing symptoms earlier

Question 13

publicly self consciousness

Answer 13

concerned with others perceptions of them, and so adhere to group norms
avoid embarrasing situations
more concerned with their appearance, ad judge others according to appearance

Question 14

self concept

Answer 14

the complete set of beliefs that people have about themselves, which form their understanding of who they are

Question 15

self schemas

Answer 15

how we expect ourselves to think, feel and behave in a particular situation

Question 16

self schemas consist of

Answer 16

perception of ourselves, our experiences in this dimension

Question 17

self schematic

Answer 17

traits that are highly important aspects of the selfs

Question 18

somewhat schematic

Answer 18

traits that describe the self to some extent

Question 19

aschematic

Answer 19

traits which are irrelevant to the self

Question 20

theories of self comparison

Answer 20

self discrepancy theory

Question 21

theories of social comparison

Answer 21

social comparison theory

Question 22

theories of group comparison

Answer 22

social identity theory

Question 23

interdpendence theory

Answer 23

micheangelo phenomenon

Question 24

self discrepancy theory

Answer 24

-self consists of actual self, ideal self, and ought self
-motivated to ensure match between these selves
-discrepancies lead to psychological discomfort.
actual ideal discrepancy related to dejection
actual ought related to agitation
-discrepancies that occur with the actual self can have positive effects and motivate people to do better

Question 25

social comparison theory - festinger

Answer 25

we learn how to define the self by comparing ourselves to others -by making upward and downward social comparisons.

Question 26

social identity

Answer 26

social identity is the part of the individuals self concept which derives from their knowledge of their membership of a social group together with the value and emotional significance of that membership

Question 27

what can having multiple social identities do

Answer 27

can help prevent negative psychological outcomes and promote health, provides more ways for a person to self protect, and is linked to lower depression.

Question 28

social identity theory (tajfel and turner 1986)

Answer 28

social identity theories suggest the social word percieved in categories which are themselves socially constructed we each belong to some categories and not others we dsicriminate between those categories in a way which is beneficial to our self esteem and our identity to achieve positive self esteem related to our group membership it requires social comparison to a group of lower status

Question 29

what are interdependence theories

Answer 29

these are theories which look at the role of other people and how they shape who we are or would like to becomed

Question 30

ideal self

Answer 30

describes an individuals freams and aspirations, or the constellation of skills, traits and resources that an inidivdual ideally wishes to acquire

Question 31

micheelangelo phenomenon

Answer 31

close partners can also sculpt our ideal self sigificant others shape our pursuit of the ideal self this is through several processes: partener perceptual affirmation/partner behavioural affirmation

Question 32

self esteem

Answer 32

a persons subjective appraisal of themselves as instrinsically positive or negative to some degree

Question 33

high self esteem

Answer 33

confidence, feeling lvoed and respected, resilience, less easily influenced

Question 34

low self esteem

Answer 34

low confidence, unsure about value to others, easily disheartened, more easily persuaded

Question 35

what parenting style reflected high self esteem

Answer 35

authoritative - enforcing rules. disipline but also responsive

Question 36

which parenting styles reflect low self esteem

Answer 36

authoritarian and permissive.

Question 37

consequences of low self esteem

Answer 37

actively dampoen positive feelings feel worse after a negative evenet make fewer goals and plans to improve mood after failure higher levels of depression and anxiety

Question 38

consequence of high self esteem

Answer 38

narcissim unstable/fragile reliant on validation from others

Question 39

self enhancement

Answer 39

a desire to seek information that allows us to see ourselves in the best possible light

Question 40

self affirmation theory

Answer 40

respond to threatened self esteem by publicly affirming positive aspects f the self

Question 41

self serving attribution bias

Answer 41

we interpret events in a manner that is favourable to our view of ourselves

Question 42

social group membership

Answer 42

self enhance through our social group membershuips people derive a positive self cocenpt from the acheivements of other group members even if they were not personally instrumental