SEMI-SOLID Flashcards
1
Q
● Dosage form where Skin is the site of application
A
Semi-solid Dosage
Forms
2
Q
– Largest, heaviest organ
A
SKIN
3
Q
– Accessible and can maintain an applied drug
intact for prolonged period of time
A
Skin
4
Q
Semi-solid Dosage Forms Can provide both ____&____ effect
A
local and systemic
5
Q
Semi-solid preparations intended for
external application to the skin or mucus
membrane
A
Ointments
6
Q
Ointments can either be:
A
Medicated & Unmedicated
7
Q
Other names for ointments
A
● Unguents ● Chrisma ● Oculentum
8
Q
Non- medicated ointments use
A
● Emollient
▪ Protective
▪ Vehicle
9
Q
Classes of Ointment bases
A
● Oleaginous base
● Absorption base
● Water-removable base
● Water-soluble base
10
Q
Hydrocarbon bases
A
Oleaginous Base
11
Q
Oleaginous Base characteristics:
A
▪ Anhydrous and insoluble in water
▪ Difficulty to wash/remove
▪ Occlusive
▪ Emollient
12
Q
Examples of Oleaginous Base
A
Petrolatum, white petrolatum, White
ointment, USP and yellow ointment, USP, mineral oil
13
Q
Petrolatum, USP
– AKA
A
Yellow petrolatum, petroleum jelly
14
Q
Yellow Ointment, USP composition
A
Yellow wax and petrolatum
15
Q
a.k.a. Simple ointment
A
Yellow Ointment, USP
16
Q
Absorption bases:
A
A) Anhydrous
B) w/o emulsion (Emulsion bases)
17
Q
absorbs aqueous solution = w/o
A
Anhydrous
18
Q
Anhydrous Absorption base example:
A
Hydrophilic petrolatum
Wool fat (anhydrous lanolin)
19
Q
Hydrophilic petrolatum composition:
A
cholesterol, white wax, stearyl
alcohol, white petrolatum
20
Q
wool fat a.k.a.
A
(anhydrous lanolin)
21
Q
wool fat– (anhydrous lanolin), composition:
A
cholesterol, esters and
alcohols, not more than 0.25%
water
22
Q
W/O emulsion (emulsion bases) characteristics
A
emollient, minimal occlusive, not
removed with water
23
Q
W/O emulsion (emulsion bases) examples:
A
■ hydrous wool fat (lanolin)
■ cold cream
24
Q
25-30% water
A
hydrous wool fat (lanolin)
25
cold cream composition
white wax,
spermaceti, almond oil,
sodium borate
26
Brands of hydrophilic petrolatum
aquaphor, polysorb,
nivea cream, eucerin
27
water washable, absorb water,
non-greasy and non occlusive
Emulsion bases (o/w type)
28
Emulsion bases (o/w type) examples:
hydrophilic ointment
vanishing cream
29
hydrophilic ointment composition:
methyl
and propyl parabens, SLS,
propylene glycol, stearyl
alcohol, white petrolatum,
purified water, can absorb
30-50% w/w
30
vanishing cream composition:
water,
humectant, stearic acid
31
“greaseless”, absorb water to
the extent of solubility
● Used for incorporating solid substances
Water-washable
32
Suitable contamination of high and low MW
PEG yield products having an ointment
consistency, which softens or melts when
applied onto the skin
Water-washable
33
PEG ointment, NF –
PEG
3350 (40%), PEG 400 (60%)
34
PEGs with mol wt of <600 are
PEGs with mol wt of >1000
are
Liquid
Solid
35
SELECTING OINTMENT BASE
● Desired release rate of the drug
● Topical or percutaneous drug absorption
● Desirability of occlusion of moisture
● Stability of the drug
● Desire for water washable
● Drug–base interaction
● Characteristics of the surface to which it is
applied
36
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL
OINTMENT
● Non-irritating
● Easily removed
● Non-staining
● Stable
● Non-pH dependent
● Widely compatible
37
PREPARATION OF OINTMENTS
Incorporation
Fusion
38
Incorporation of ointments could either be thru:
○ By spatulation, using mortar and
pestle
○ Electronic mortar and pestle mixer
39
PREPARATION OF OINTMENTS By melting together
Fusion
40
COMPENDIAL REQUIREMENTS
● Microbial Content
● Minimum Fill
● Toxicity Test
● Irritancy Test
41
Ointments are Packaged in
large-mouth ointment jars or
tubes (well closed)
42
Standard sizes of empty tubes:
1.5, 2, 3.5, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60,
120 g
43
Ophthalmic ointments are typically packaged in _____ or ______
holding ____ g
small aluminum; collapsible plastic tubes; 3.5
44
Labels should indicate what type of ____ was used
base
45
MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS
They should always be _____, _____
and free from _____
homogenous; smooth; grittiness
46
MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS
They should never be dispensed if they have
the slight evidence of
rancidity or mold
47
MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS
Ointments containing ____, ____, ____, _____ should not be rubbed with
iron or steel spatula on account of chemical reaction with metal
free acids, iodine,
mercury or tannin
48
MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS
In removing ointments from the stock jar always scrape from the _____. Digging into the ointment jar leaves a greater area exposed,
thus increasing the possibility of _____,
growth of mold and water loss
surface; rancidity
49
MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS
should be of
recent preparation, dispensed in moderate
amounts in glass containers with good
closures
Water-containing ointments
50
MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS
Use of _____/_____ for the sake
of appearance and to avoid contact of the
ointment with the cap or liner
spatula or finishing blade
51
MAXIMS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN
DISPENSING OINTMENTS
● They should be dispensed in _____/_____ or so much better in collapsible tube
● Ointments on prescription are always directed by _____
opal glass or porcelain jars
weight
52
semi solid emulsions containing
suspensions or solution of medicinal
agents intended for external
application.
Creams
53
Creams belong to the _____ type
bases and generally classified under
______
emulsion; ointments
54
They are preferred over ointments
because of their ease in application
and ease in removal
Creams
55
Method of preparation for creams
Fusion
56
semi solid systems consisting of
dispersions of small or large
molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle
rendered jelly-like by the addition of
gelling agents
Gels
57
2 Phases of Gels
● Single Phase Gels – organic gels
● Two Phase Gels – inorganic gels or MAGMAs
58
Two Phase Gels exhibits?
thixotropy
59
Gelling agents are at a concentration of:
0.5% to 2.0% in water
60
GELS
● Sometimes called
“jellies”
61
Semisolid system consisting of either
suspension made up of small inorganic
particles or large organic molecules
interpenetrated by a liquid
GELS
62
macromolecules are
distributed so that no apparent
boundaries exit
Single Phase
63
small distinct
particles or MAGMAS
Two phase system
64
● Transparent or translucent semi-solid or solid
preparation, consisting of solution or
dispersions of one or more active ingredients
in suitable hydrophilic or hydrophobic bases
● It is non-greasy and generally applied
externally
Gels
65
The gel contains small discrete particles – the
gel is called a
two phase system
66
If it does not appear to have discrete particles,
it is called as a
one phase system
67
one phase system
thixotropy
68
As a vehicle for the presentation of water
soluble medicaments, it is ideal because of
their high water content
Gels
69
Gels are colloidal dispersion:
1 nm – 0.5 micron
70
TYPES and METHOD OR PREPARATION for Gels
Types:
○ Inorganic hydrogels
○ Organic
○ Hydrogels
○ Organogels
● Method or Preparation
○ Fusion
○ Dispersion
71
are ointment like preparation, which is
usually stiffer, less greasy and more absorptive
than ointments due to higher proportions
(25%) of powdered ingredients
PASTES
72
Pastes absorb_______and are
preferred for acute lesions having the
tendency to ooze.
serous secretions
73
Pastes are less _____
and less ______ than ointments
penetrating; macerating
74
Solid or semi solid adhesive masses spread on
a backing of paper, fabric, moleskin, plastic;
intended for external application
PLASTERS
75
are plastic masses intended
for topical application and containing gelatin,
glycerin and water in addition to the medicinal
substance.
GLYCEROGELATINS
76
are used by first melting and
applying on the skin surface with a brush, after
which, it will harden and is usually covered
with a bandage.
Glycerogelatins
77
Dermatological Preparations
○ Drug penetration depends on the:
■ Physicochemical properties of drugs
■ Vehicle
■ Condition of the skin
78
OPHTHALMIC PREPARATIONS
● Major route is the
cornea, the other route is
conjunctive and sclera
79
OPHTHALMIC PREPARATIONS
Nature of the drug is limited by:
○ Short residence time
○ Small surface area of the cornea
○ Natural resistance to drug penetration
80
provide longer residence
time
Ointments and gels
81
Ointment base are carefully selected
○ Should not cause irritation
○ Permits diffusion
○ Softens at near body temperature
○ Common bases: mineral oil and white
petrolatum; polyethylene glycol and
mineral oil
82
Dermatological preparations requires what tests?
sterility test and metal particles
83
● Local effects (decongestant)
● Absorption to systemic circulation through
highly venous nasal lining
NASAL PREPARATIONS
84
RECTAL PREPARATIONS
● Local effects
● Bases used:
PEG 330 and 3350
85
RECTAL PREPARATIONS
Container is equipped with
applicator or
perforated plastic tips
86
Local or contraceptive effects
VAGINAL PREPARATIONS
87
Tested for possible contamination of common
pathogenic organisms
Vaginal preparations
88
Vaginal preparations Packaged in ____/_____ equipped with an ___
tubes or aerosol canisters; applicator
