Session 1 - Bones and Joints

Question 1

What are the two types of connective tissue found in the skeletal tissue?

Answer 1

Bone

Cartilage

Question 2

What is the external surface of a long bone made up of?

Answer 2

Compact bone

Question 3

Was is contained in the medullary cavity of a long bone?

Answer 3

Red bone marrow, produces red blood cells

Question 4

What is the shaft of a long bone called, and what is it formed from?

Answer 4

The diaphysis, formed from primary ossification centre by endochondral ossification

Question 5

What is at either ends of the long bone? How are they formed?

Answer 5

The epiphysis, formed from secondary ossification during endochondral ossification.

Question 6

What is the main difference between the skeleton of a growing adolescent and an adult?

Answer 6

In the growing adolescent skeleton the diaphysis and epiphysis are not fused and gaps are present, the epiphyseal plates which allow growth and eventually fuse

Question 7

What may be seen on the radiograph of an adult?

Answer 7

An epiphyseal line, from the fusion of growth plates

Question 8

What is at the very end of the diaphysis, and what are they attached to?

Answer 8

the metaphysis, this are adjacent to the epiphyseal plate

Question 9

Where is cartilage present?

Answer 9

in areas where more flexibility is required, for example the costal cartilages allow the ribs cage to move during respiration

Question 10

What is the function of articular hyaline cartilage?

Answer 10

Articular hyaline cartilage covers the surfaces of bones and has a protective role to minimise friction on movement

Question 11

What happens in arthritis?

Answer 11

Articular hyaline cartilage worn away

Question 12

What two sections is the skeleton divided into?

Answer 12

The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

Question 13

What is the axial skeleton made up of?

Answer 13

The skull
Facial bones
Cervical verterbrae
Thoracic and Lumbar verterbra
Hyoid bone

Question 14

What is the appendicular skeleton made up of?

Answer 14

The limbs, including the pelvic and pectoral girdle

Question 15

Give four functions of the skeleton

Answer 15

supports all soft tissues in the body
protects vital organs
mechanical base for movement and leverage at joints
stores salts and provides a continuous supply of blood cells from the red bone marrow

Question 16

How are bones classified?

Answer 16

According to shape

Question 17

Name five types of bones

Answer 17

Long bones
Cuboidal bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones

Question 18

Describe long bones and give an example

Answer 18

femur, long bones tend to have a long shaft with expanded ends (condyles)

Question 19

Describe cuboidal bones and give an example

Answer 19

These are only found in the wrist and foot, they provide strength but display limited movement.
Carpal bones and Tarsal bones in wrist (8+7)

Question 20

Describe flat bones and give an example

Answer 20

these are thin layers of cancellous bone sandwiched together by strong bone e.g. bones of the skull and the ribs

Question 21

Describe irregular bones and give an example

Answer 21

bones of the face and the individual vertebrae

Question 22

Describe sesamoid bones and give an example

Answer 22

bones which form within tendons
the patella which is the largest sesamoid bone in the body, it forms in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle. The patella helps to prevent tendons from wear and tear

Question 23

What is a joint?

Answer 23

Where two or more bones meet or articulate

Question 24

How are joints classified?

Answer 24

According to structure and movement (or lack thereof)

Question 25

What are the three main types of joint?

Answer 25

Fibrous (synarthrosis) - virtually no movement Cartilaginous - No/minimal movement Synovial - range of movement

Question 26

What are the three types of fibrous joint?

Answer 26

- Sutures found in skull. Limited movement to 20 years when they become fixed - Gomphoses - Where teeth articulate with maxillae and mandible - Syndemoses - Bones held together by an interosseous membrane, found between radius and ulna and tibia and fibia

Question 27

Give two types of cartaliginous joints

Answer 27

Synchondroses - Primary cartilaginous joints, layer of cartilage between two bones with minimal movement - Symphses - Secondary cartilaginous joints, occur on ends of bones covered with hyaline cartilage. Variable movement.

Question 28

What is a synovial joint characterized by?

Answer 28

Presence of a synovial membrane

Question 29

What are the two parts of a synovial membrane?

Answer 29

Fibrous capsule with supportive layer on outside which encloses joint. Inner synovial membrane which secretes and absorbs synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint preventing friction.

Question 30

What can the fibrous capsule of a synovial joint also be called?

Answer 30

Capsular ligaments, encloses joint and blends it with periosteum of the bone

Question 31

What is present at the ends of bone?

Answer 31

thin layer of hyaline cartilage which becomes thinner and more brittle with increasing age

Question 32

What is a intra articular disc composed of?

Answer 32

fibrocartilage

Question 33

What are the seven ways of classifying synovial joints?

Answer 33

Herminoe's perfect Can't eat sad peoples ball sack Hinge allows flexion and extension, this movement occurs in one plane only, such joints include the elbow and the interphalangeal joints of the digits Condylar allows flexion extension and rotation Ellipsoid allows flexion extension abduction adduction, this shows movement in 2 planes and such joints are wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints of the digits Saddle Pivot Ball and socket such as the shoulder and hip Plane or gliding joint where only slight shifting can occur such as in the tibiofibular joint

Question 34

What are the eight movements produced by a synovial joint?

Answer 34

``` Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Internal rotation External rotation Circumduction Gliding ```