Sex and Hormones

Question 1

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 1

Hormones travelling in the bloodstream, triggering effects in specific target organs

Question 2

during puberty, what can reproductive hormones cause?

Answer 2

secondary sexual characteristics to develop such as pubic hair

Question 3

In men what is produced in the testes?

Answer 3

Testosterone

Question 4

what does Testosterone do?

Answer 4

stimulates the testes to produce sperm

Question 5

in women what is produced in the ovaries?

Answer 5

Oestrogen

Question 6

How often is an egg released in a woman?

Answer 6

every 28 days

Question 7

what is ovulation?

Answer 7

when an egg (ovum) is released

Question 8

where are eggs released from?

Answer 8

the ovaries

Question 9

what does the uterus do in preparation for ovulation?

Answer 9

the uterus lining becomes thick and spongy

Question 10

what happens if a sperm is present during ovulation?

Answer 10

the fertilised egg will implant into the uterus wall and develop into a foetus

Question 11

if during ovulation the egg isn’t fertilised what happens?

Answer 11

both the egg and the uterus lining are released, ie a period

Question 12

What are the Four main hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 12

FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinising hormone)
Oestrogen
Progesterone

Question 13

What is FSH responsible for?

Answer 13

Follicle stimulating hormone causes an egg to mature in the ovary

Question 14

What is LH responsible for?

Answer 14

Luteinising hormone causes an egg to be released/ causes ovulation

Question 15

What are Oestrogen and Progesterone responsible for?

Answer 15

They maintain the uterus lining in case the ovum is fertilised and implants

Question 16

What is the first stage of the Menstrual cycle?

Answer 16

FSH is released and travels to the ovaries causing an egg to mature and to make oestrogen

Question 17

Where is FSH released?

Answer 17

The pituitary gland

Question 18

What happens when Oestrogen is released into the bloodstream?

Answer 18

This signals to the pituitary gland to stop producing FSH and to produce LH

Question 19

What is the second stage of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 19

Oestrogen is released into bloodstream

Question 20

What is the third stage of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 20

LH causes ovulation, and the ovary begins to release progesterone

Question 21

what happens when progesterone is released into the bloodstream?

Answer 21

it stops the pituitary gland from releasing FSH and LH

it keeps the lining of the uterus thick incase a fertilised egg implants

Question 22

what is the scientific word for preventing fertilisation?

Answer 22

contraception

Question 23

What does the Pill do?

Answer 23

it contains hormones that prevent the body from producing FSH

Question 24

What is an advantage of the pill?

Answer 24

it is highly effective when taken correctly

Question 25

what is a disadvantage of the pill?

Answer 25

it must be taken every day it doesn’t prevent STIs increased risks of breast cancer increased risk of blood clots

Question 26

what hormonal methods of contraception are there?

Answer 26

the pill the implant skin patches hormone injections

Question 27

what do the implant, skin patches and injections all have in common?

Answer 27

they all contain progesterone

Question 28

what is the advantage of the hormone injection, implant or skin patches?

Answer 28

they are more convenient than taking a daily pill

Question 29

what barrier methods of contraception are there?

Answer 29

condoms | diaphragm

Question 30

what do barrier methods of contraception do?

Answer 30

prevent the sperm from reaching the egg

Question 31

what advantages of barrier methods are there?

Answer 31

because they don’t produce hormones there are little side effects reduce the risk of STIs

Question 32

what disadvantages of barrier methods are there?

Answer 32

they can break/ slip off

Question 33

how can you increase the effectiveness of barrier methods?

Answer 33

using a spermicide gel, which kill/disable sperm, reducing the chance of fertilisation

Question 34

How does the IUD prevent fertilisation?

Answer 34

it prevents an embryo from implanting | some release hormones reducing the chance of fertilisation

Question 35

What do surgical contraception do?

Answer 35

in women, prevents the egg reaching the uterus | in men prevents the sperm leaving the penis

Question 36

what disadvantage of sterilisation is there?

Answer 36

very difficult to reverse | don’t prevent against STIs

Question 37

What does the catholic church teach about contraception?

Answer 37

that all contraception is unethical, apart from natural methods

Question 38

what is the issue about answering the problem of choosing contraception?

Answer 38

it cannot be solved by science alone, and depends on people’s opinions, feelings, religions, etc

Question 39

What examples are there of treating infertility?

Answer 39

the fertility drug (mix of LH and FSH) | IVF (In-Vitro fertilisation)

Question 40

what does the fertility drug do?

Answer 40

it causes the woman to ovulate more than usual increasing the likelihood of fertilisation

Question 41

what are the disadvantages of IVF?

Answer 41

``` Success rate is not high physically and mentally demanding can lead to multiple births some embryos are destroyed - unethical expensive ```

Question 42

What is it called when plants shoot towards the light?

Answer 42

Phototropism

Question 43

what hormone is responsible for phototropism?

Answer 43

Auxin, which triggers cell growth

Question 44

where is auxin produced?

Answer 44

in the very tip of a plant shoot

Question 45

What does light do to auxin?

Answer 45

it causes auxin to concentrate on the darker side of the shoot tip, so the darker side grows faster and the shoot curves towards the light

Question 46

what is it called when plant roots grow towards the force of gravity?

Answer 46

Gravitropism/Geotropism

Question 47

what does gravity do to auxin?

Answer 47

it causes it to concentrate on the lower side, but this causes the lower side to grow slower than the upper, causing the root to grow towards the force of gravity

Question 48

what does auxin do in roots?

Answer 48

inhibits cell growth

Question 49

what does giberellins do to plants?

Answer 49

they help to start the germination of seeds

Question 50

what does ethene do to plants?

Answer 50

it controls cell division and the ripening of fruit

Question 51

what are the 3 main uses of auxins in agriculture/horticulture?

Answer 51

as weedkillers as rooting powders to promote growth of tissue culture

Question 52

what are the uses of gibberellins in agriculture/horticulture?

Answer 52

to end seed dormancy (force a seed to germinate sooner) to encourage plants to flower to increase the size of fruit

Question 53

what are the uses of ethene in agriculture/horticulture?

Answer 53

used to trigger fruit to ripen after travelling long distances, just before they’re sold