Short answer questions 9-14

Question 1

What will a positive inotrope do?

Answer 1

It will increase the myocardial contraction leading to an increase in cardiac output

Question 2

What will a positive chronotrope do?

Answer 2

It will increase the heart rate.

Question 3

Tetracyclines include?

Answer 3

• Minocycline
• doxycycline
• tigecycline

Question 4

Clinical uses of oestrogen include?

Answer 4

• oral contraceptives
• hormone replacement therapy in menopause
• disorders of menstruation
• replacement therapy
• prostatic cancer (some breast cancers and selected male carcinomas)
• hirsutism

Question 5

the intrinsic pathway of coagulation involves?

Answer 5

chemical substances that are normally found in the circulating blood

Question 6

Testosterone is indicated for?

Answer 6

-hormone replacement therapy in males with androgen deficiency

Question 7

Drug interactions are broadly classified as either?

Answer 7

-pharmacodynamic
or
-pharmacokinetic interactions

Question 8

Thrombolytic (fibrinolytic) drugs are used to treat?

Answer 8

Acute thromboembolic disorders

Question 9

Cardiac Output is a function of both?

Answer 9

Stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR)

Question 10

Septicaemia refers to?

Answer 10

a systemic infection caused by microorganism multiplication in the circulation

Question 11

Anticoagulant drug therapy is primarily prophylactic because?

Answer 11

agents act by preventing fibrin deposits, extension of a thrombus and thromboembolic complications

Question 12

Treatment of an infectious disease depends on?

Answer 12

the microorganism responsible, and different groups of antimicrobial drugs are used to treat different groups of microorganisms.

Question 13

Penicillins can be broadly divided into?

Answer 13

• narrow-spectrum penicillins
• narrow-spectrum penicillinase resistant penicillin
• moderate-specrum B-lactamase-sensitive aminopenicillins
• broad & extended-spectrum penicillins

Question 14

Tear fluid is lost by?

Answer 14

evaporation and nasolacrimal drainage

Question 15

The factors that regulate stroke volume include?

Answer 15

the degree of stretch of heart fibres before contraction (preload), the force of contraction of the ventricles and the pressure that must be overcome before ventricles can eject the blood (afterload)

Question 16

The duration of action of acetylcholine is brief because?

Answer 16

It is rapidly hydrolysed by acetycholinesterase, which is found in high concentrations in the synaptic cleft.

Question 17

neuropathic pain responds less well to?

Answer 17

Opioids and NSAIDs

Question 18

The 3 subtypes of muscarinic receptors that are relevant phamacologically are?

Answer 18

• (M1)= neural type
• (M2) presynaptic type
• (M3) = the glandular or smooth muscle type

Question 19

Septicaemia refers to?

Answer 19

a systemic infection caused by microorganism multiplication in the circulation

Question 20

Nociceptives pain is?

Answer 20

physiological pain, arising from stimulation of superficial or visceral (deep) nociceptors by noxious

Question 21

Neuropathic pain arises from?

Answer 21

A primary lesion or dysfunction in the somatosensory nervous system pathway

Question 22

The 4 characteristic signs of inflammation are?

Answer 22

• swelling
• redness
• pain
• heat

Question 23

The therapeutic properties of NSAIDs include?

Answer 23

• analgesic
• antipyretic
• anti inflammatory

Question 24

What do drugs that have positive inotropic effect do and list some of these drugs.

Answer 24

Positive inotropic drugs increase the force of myocardial contraction.
Some positive inotropic drugs are:
-digoxin
-dobutamine
-adrenaline
-isoprenaline

Question 25

What do drugs that have a negative inotropic effect do and list some of these drugs.

Answer 25

Negative inotropic drugs decrease the force of myocardial contraction.
Some negative inotropic drugs are:
-propranolol

Question 26

what do positive chronotropic drugs do and list some of these drugs.

Answer 26

Positive chronotropic drugs accelerate the HR by increasing the rate of impulse formation in the SA node.
Adrenaline is a drug that has a positive chronotropic effect.

Question 27

What do negative chronotropic effect drugs do and list some of these drugs.

Answer 27

Negative chronotropic drugs slows the HR by decreasing impulse formation.
Some negative chronotropic drugs are:
-digoxin
-ivabradine

Question 28

What do positive dromotropic effect drugs do and can you list one?

Answer 28

Positive dromotropic effect drugs increase the conduction velocity. One positive dromotropic drug is phenytoin

Question 29

What do negative dromotropic drugs do and can you list one?

Answer 29

Negative dromotropic effect drugs delays conduction. One dromotropic effect drug is verapamil.