SKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
the human skeleton is initially made up of what?
A
cartilages and fibrous membranes
2
Q
the most abundant cartilage
A
hyaline cartilage
3
Q
at what age do the skeleton completely harndened
A
25 yrs old
4
Q
how many bones does an adult human skeleton has
A
206
5
Q
what are the functions of the bone
A
support
protection
allows movement
storage
blood cell formation
6
Q
these are bones that are longer than they are wider (bone classification)
A
long bones
7
Q
these are bones that are cube shape in structure and also include sesamoid bones (bone classification)
A
short bones
8
Q
these bones are thin, flattened and usually curved bones (bone classification)
A
flat bones
9
Q
these bones does not fit in the 3 categories (bone classification)
A
irregular bones
10
Q
this is the end of the long bone
A
epiphysis
11
Q
part of epiphysis that is near to the point of attachment
A
proximal
12
Q
part of epiphysis that is not in contact with point of attachment
A
distal
13
Q
this is the shaft of the long bone, this makes up most of the long bone’s length
A
diaphysis
14
Q
this is the angulation between epiphysis and diaphysis
A
metaphysis
15
Q
a type of bone tissue that is smooth and homogenous. this forms the hard, dense layer of bones.
A
compact bone (cortical bone)
16
Q
a type of bone tissue that is spiky and homogenous in appearance. it is lighter and less dense than the compact bone
A
spongy bone (cancellous bone)
16
Q
a type of bone tissue that is spiky and homogenous in appearance. it is lighter and less dense than the compact bone
A
spongy bone (cancellous bone)
17
Q
this is the external coverage, somewhat hyaline cartilage that produces smooth surface and decrease friction when lubricating fluid is present
A
articular cartilage
18
Q
this is the connective tissue that is outside covering of the diaphysis
A
periosteum
19
Q
this is the connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue
A
endosteum
20
Q
this is the storage area of red bone marrow in children
A
medullary cavity
21
Q
red bone marrow produces RBC up to what age?
A
6-7 yrs old
22
Q
when the child reaches the age of 8, the RBC will be replaces by what adipose tissue?
A
yellow marrow
23
Q
bone markings that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment
A
projections
24
a large, rounded projection that may be roughened
tuberosity
25
a narrow ridge of the bone which are usually prominent
crest
26
a projection that is a very large blunt, irregularly shaped
trochanter
27
projection that is a narrow ridge and are less prominent
line
28
a small rounded projection
tubercle
29
projection that is a raise area on/or above condyle
epicondyle
30
this are any bone prominence
process
31
what are the projections that helps to form joints
head
condyle
facet
ramus
32
a bony expansion that have a neck area
head
33
a rounded articular projection
condyle
34
a smooth, nearly flattened, articular surface
facet
35
arm like bar of bone
ramus
36
bone markings for passage of blood vessels and nerves
depressions and openings
37
A furrow in the bone surface
groove
38
a narrow slit opening in the bone
fissure
39
a round or oval opening through a bone
foramen
40
indentation at the end of the bone
notch
41
these are canal-like passage
meatus
42
these are cavities within a bone
sinus
43
shallow basin like depression
fossa
44
the prenatal stage is made up of ______ that will turn into bone.
hyaline cartilage
45
bone development from fibrous membrane
intramembranous ossification
46
bone development from hyaline cartilage
endochondral ossification
47
all bones are endochondral except for what bones?
flat bones of the skull, mandible and clavicle
48
this zone is the end of epiphysis, anchors the epiphysial plates to epiphysis
zone of resting cartilage
49
this zone has many rows of cell undergoing mitosis
zone of proliferating cartilage
50
this zone has cells that are left behind
zone of hypertrophic cartilage
51
this zone has thin dead cells and calcified cellular matrix
zone of calcified cartilage
52
bone retardation is caused by what factor?
vitamin A deficiency
53
fragile bone is caused by what factor?
vitamin C deficiency
54
means "weakening of bones", and is caused by vit D, calcium, and phosphate deficiency (with stunted growth)
rickets
55
osteomalacia is caused by what factor? (softening of bones)
vitamin D deficiency
56
a medical condition of having insufficient bone growth/ growth hormones
dwarfism
57
a medical condition of having excessive growth hormones (IGF1), happens during childhood when growth plates are still open
gigantism
58
a medical condition of having excessive growth hormones, happens during adulthood when growth plates are already fused
acromegaly
59
this is an indication that there is insufficient thyroid hormone
delayed bone growth
60
a hormone that promotes the bone formation and stimulates ossification of the epiphysial plate
sex hormones
61
this can also stimulate bone growth
physical stress
62
the axial skeleton is composed of what bones?
skull
hyoid bone
thoracic cage
63
the appendicular skeleton is made up of what bones
pectoral girdle
upper limbs
pelvic girdle
lower limbs
64
3 parts of the skull
1) neurocranium
2) sutures
3) membranous viscerocranium
65
a part of the skull that forms the protective cranial cavity that surrounds the brain
neurocranium
66
a part of the skull where two bones meet
sutures
67
part of the skull that forms the bones supporting the face
membranous viscerocranium
68
this is the flat bone in the forehead. upper portion of the eye socket
frontal bone
69
these are the flat bones in either side of the brain, located behind the frontal bone
parietal bones (2)
70
these are irregular bones located in each side of the parietal bone
temporal bones (2)
71
this is the flat bone that is located at the very back of the skull. this bone contains an opening in which the spinal column pass through
occipital bone
72
a part of the skull in front of the frontal bone
sphenoid
73
a part of the skull in front of the sphenoid
ethmoid
74
what are the 8 cranial bones
frontal (1)
parietal (2)
temporal (2)
occipital (1)
sphenoid (1)
ethmoid (1)
75
what are the 2 parts of the frontal bone
squamous part
orbital part
76
a part of the frontal bone, the main region of the forehead. the biggest part
squamous part
77
a part of the frontal bone that has the 2nd largest region and is the horizontal part
orbital part
78
part of the skull that is bilateral that forms the superior and lateral portion of cranium
parietal bone
79
this divides the frontal and parietal bone
coronal suture
80
this divides the left and right parietal bone
sagittal suture
81
a part of the skull that is a cranial dermal bone, and the main bone at the back of the head
occipital bone
82
the biggest foramen where the brain stem emerges
foramen magnum
83
this articulates with the first cervical vertebra
occipital condyle
84
this divides the occipital and parietal bone
lambdoidal suture
85
what are the parts of the temporal bone
squamous
mastoid
petrous
tympanic
86
what are the parts of the sphenoid bone
greater wing
lesser wing
foramen rotundum
foramen spinosum
87
this is the bone that contains the cribriform plates
ethmoid bone
88
what are the facial skeletons
nasal (2)
lacrimal (2)
inferior nasal concha (2)
maxilla (2)
mandible (1)
palatine (2)
zygomatic (2)
vomer (1)
89
these are air filled sacs located within the bone of the skull and facial bone
paranasal sinuses
90
what are the 4 sinuses
frontal sinus
ethmoidal sinus
sphenoidal sinus
maxillary sinus
91
the bone that forms the upper jaw
maxilla
92
these are "L" shaped bones located behind the maxillae
palantine
93
these bones are the prominences of the cheeks
zygomatic bones
94
part of the facial skeleton that are the medial walls of orbits. groove from orbit to nasal cavity
lacrimal bones
95
the bones that forms the bridge of the nose
nasal bones
96
part of the facial skeleton that is the inferior part of nasal septum
vomer bone
97
part of the facial skeleton that extends from lateral walls of nasal cavity
inferior nasal conchae
98
this is the lower jawbone
mandible
99
these are fibrous membrane in infants, often referred as "soft spots"
fontanels
100
how many cervical vertebrae are there?
7 (C1-C7)
101
how many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12 (T1-T12)
102
how many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5 (L1-L5)
103
how many fused segments are there in the sacral?
4-5
104
how many fused segments are there in the coccygeal?
3-4
105
what are the 4 curvature in the vertebral column?
cervical curvature
thoracic curvature
lumbar curvature
sacral curvature
106
what are the parts of the typical vertebrae
1) body
2) pedicles
3) lamina
4) spinous processes
5) transverse processes
6) vertebral foramen
7) facets
8) superior and inferior articular processes
107
this is the C1 in the vertebral column. this bone supports the head
atlas
108
this is the C2 in the vertebral column (aka atypical vertebrae)
axis
109
through this foramen, it can help you identify if it is a cervical vertebrae or not.
transverse foramina
110
at what vertebral column can you find the bifid spinous processes?
C2-C6
111
this is the vertebral prominence
C7
112
this forms the yes joint
occipital condyle and atlas
113
aka yes join
atlanto-occipital joint
114
this forms the no joint
atlas and axis
115
aka no joint
atlanto-axial joint
116
most typical vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
117
what is the shape of the body of thoracic vertebrae
heart shape
118
this vertebrae has large bodies and has shorter spinous processes
lumbar vertebrae
119
what is the shape of the body of the lumbar vertebrae?
kidney shaped
120
sacrum is also known to be what?
sacred bone
121
what is the area toward the coccyx called?
apex
122
coccyx is also known as?
tailbone
123
the thoracic cage includes?
ribs
thoracic vertebrae
sternum
costal cartilages
124
this supports the shoulder girdle and upper limbs. also protects the viscera
thoracic cage
125
how many pairs of ribs does a human have?
12 pairs
126
how many are the true ribs?
7 pairs
127
how many are the false ribs?
5 pairs
128
what are the structures in the ribs?
shaft
head
tubercle
costal cartilage
129
what are the parts of the sternum?
manubrium
body
xiphoid process
130
aka shoulder girdle
pectoral girdle
131
what bones does the pectoral girdle have?
clavicles and scapulae
132
these bones are s-shaped that articulates with the manubrium and scapula
clavicles
133
parts of the scapula
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa
acromion deltoid
coracoid process
134
what are the bones in the upper limb
humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
135
parts of the humerus (10)
head
greater tubercle
lesser tubercle
anatomical neck
surgical neck
deltoid tuberosity
capitulum
trochlea
coronoid fossa
olecranon fossa
136
this bone is lateral to the forearm bone
radius
137
parts of the radius
head
radial tuberosity
styloid process
138
this bone is medial to forearm bone
ulna
139
parts of the ulna
trochlear notch
olecranon process
coronoid process
styloid process
head of ulna (located caudally)
140
each hand is made up of?
wrist
palm
fingers
141
how many carpal bones are there?
8 carpal bones
142
what are the bones in the carpal area?
scaphoid
lunate
triquetral
pisiform
hamate
capitate
trapezoid
trapezium
143
this is the smallest bone in the hand, which is commonly fractured
pisiform
144
this is the cornerstone of the carpal bone
capitate
145
how many metacarpal bones are there?
5 bones
146
how many are the phalangeal bones?
14 bones
147
3 types of phalanx
proximal phalanx
middle phalanx
distal phalanx
148
it is composed of 2 coxal bones
pelvic girdle
149
also known as the coxal bones
hip bones
150
this is where the femur is attached
acetabulum
151
what are the bones in the hip bone
ilium
ischium
pubis
152
parts of the ilium
iliac crest
iliac spines
greater sciatic notch
153
parts of the ischium
ischial spines
lesser ischiatic notch
ischial tuberosity
154
also known as the sitting bone
ischial tuberosity
155
parts of the pubis
obturator foramen
pubic symphysis
pubic arch
156
what kind of pelvis is in below the pelvic brim?
true pelvis
157
what kind of pelvis is in above the pelvic brim
false pelvis
158
difference of pelvis between male and female
female pelvis, the iliac bones are more flared
has broader hips
pubic arch angle is greater
159
what are the parts of the lower limb
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
160
what is the longest bone of the body?
femur
161
parts of the femur
head
fovea capitis
neck
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
linea aspera
condyles
epicondyles
162
also known as the knee cap, anterior surface of the knee joint
patella
163
bone that is medial to fibula
tibia
164
bone that is lateral to tibia
fibula
165
how many bones are there in the foot?
26
tarsal bones 7
metatarsal bone 5
phalanges 14
166
parts of the tarsal bones
talus
calcaneal
navicular
medial cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
lateral cuneiform
cuboidal
167
parts of the metatarsal bones
proximal 1
medial 2
distal 3
