Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
ossification
A
normal process of bone formation
2
Q
periosteum
A
tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
3
Q
compact bone
A
dense, hard and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones
4
Q
spongy bone
A
porous making it lighter and weaker than compact bone
5
Q
medullary cavity
A
central cavity in shaft of long bone where red and yellow bone marrow are stored
6
Q
endosteum
A
tissue that lines the medullary cavity
7
Q
cartilage
A
smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones
8
Q
articular cartilage
A
convert the surfaces of bones where they articulate, or come together
9
Q
meniscus
A
curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints
10
Q
diaphysis
A
shaft of a long bone
11
Q
epiphyses
A
wider ends of long bones
12
Q
foramen
A
opening in a bone thru which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass
13
Q
process
A
normal projection on the surface of a bone that mostly commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon
14
Q
joints
A
places of union between 2 or more bones
15
Q
fibrous joints
A
hold the bones tightly together and sunset of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue
16
Q
fontanelles
A
soft spots on skull of newborn
17
Q
cartilaginous joints
A
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
18
Q
synovial joint
A
created where 2 bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
19
Q
synovial capsule
A
outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surround joint
20
Q
synovial membrane
A
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
21
Q
synovial fluid
A
acts as a lubricant to make smooth movement of joint possible
22
Q
ligaments
A
bands to fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another or joining bone to cartilage
23
Q
bursa
A
fibrous sac that acts as cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction where a tendon passes over a bone
24
Q
axial skeleton
A
protects major organs of the nervous, respiratory and circulatory systems - 80 bones of skull, ossicles of middle ear, hyoid bone between chin and thyroid, rib cage and vertebral column
25
appendicular skeleton
makes body movement possible and protects organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction - 126 bones of upper and lower extremities
26
skull
consists of 8 bones of cranium, 14 face bones, 6 bones of middle ear.
27
cranium
portion of skull that encloses and protects the brain - made up of 8 bones
28
frontal bone
anterior portion of the cranium that forms forehead
29
parietal bones
form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium
30
occipital bones
form the back of the skull and base of cranium
31
temporal bones
form sides and base of cranium
32
external auditory meatus
opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear
33
sphenoid bone
irregular, wedge shaped bone at base of skull and makes contact with all other cranial bones
34
ethmoid bone
light spongy bone at roof and sides of the nose
35
auditory ossicles
3 bones of middle ear
36
nasal bones
2- form upper part of bridge of nose
37
zygomatic bones
2- cheekbones
38
maxillary bones
2-form most of the upper jaw
39
palatine bones
2-form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose
40
lacrimal bones
2- make up part of the orbit at the inner angle
41
inferior conshae
2- thin, scroll like bones that form the interior of the nose
42
vomer bone
forms base for the nasal septum
43
mandible
jawbone
44
temporomandible joint
where the mandible attaches to the skull - AKA TMJ
45
thoracic cavity
AKA ribcage
| bony structure that protects the hear and lungs
46
ribs
attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae - 12 pairs
47
sternum
flat, dagger shaped bone located in middle of chest and forms front of rib cage
48
manubrium
bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
49
body of the sternum
bony structureforms middle portion of the sternum
50
xiploid process
cartilage structure that forms the lower portion of the sternum
51
pectoral girdle
formed by the shoulders and supports the arms and hands
52
clavicle
slender bone that connects the manubrium to the scapula
53
scapula
shoulder blade
54
acromion
extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
55
humerus
bone of the upper are
56
radius
smaller and shorter bone of the forearm on the thumb side
57
ulna
larger and longer bone of the forearm and forms part of elbow joint
58
olecranon process
aka funny bone
| large projection of the upper end of the ulna
59
carpals
8 bones that form the wrist
60
metacarpals
5 bones that forms the palms of hand
61
phalanges
14 bones of the fingers - bones of toe are also phalanges
62
spinal column
protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body
63
vertebrae
26 bones of the spinal column
64
lamina
posterior portion of vertebrae
65
intervertebral disks
made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae -act as shock absorbers and allow movement
66
cervical vertebrae
C1-C7 - first set of vertebrae and make up the neck
67
thoracic vertebrae
T1-T12 - second set of vertebrae - each has a rib attached to it
68
lumbar vertebrae
L1-L5 - third set of vertebrae - largest and strongest, bear most of the body's weight
69
sacrum
slightly curved triangular shaped bone nest the base of the spine that forms lower portion of the back
70
coccyx
tailbone - forms end of spine
71
pelvis
protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities
72
ilium
broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the public bone
73
sacroiliac
slightly movable articulation between the scrum and posterior portion of the ilium
74
ischium
forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of body when sitting
75
pubis
forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located below bladder
76
pubic bones
ilium, sacroiliac and pubis - separate at birth but fuse together to create right and left pubic bones
77
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones
78
acetabulum
aka hip socket
79
femur
largest bone in body - thigh bone
80
patella
kneecap
81
popliteal
describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels and muscles related to this joint are located
82
cruciate ligaments
make movement of knee possible - anterior and posterior cruciate ligament, form cross shape
83
tibia
shinbone - large anterior weight bearing bone in lower leg
84
fibula
smaller of lower leg bones
85
ankles
joints that connect the lower leg and foot
86
tarsal boens
7 bones that make up the ankle
87
malleolus
rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on sides of ankle joint
88
talus
ankle bone that articulates with tibia and fibula
89
calcaneus
aka heel bone
90
metatarsals
5 bones of foot where toes are attached
91
ankylosis
loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury or a surgical procedure
92
adhesive capsulitis
painful ankylosis of the shoulder - aka frozen shoulder
93
Baker's cyst
fluid filled sac behind the knee usually from a condition triggering the production of excess synovial fluid
94
hallux valgus
aka bunion
| abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe
95
hemarthrosis
blood within a joint
96
polymyalgia rheumatica
inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms and hips and thighs
97
sprain
when a ligament that connects bones to a point is wrenched or torn
98
subluxation
partial dislocation of a bone from its joint
99
osteoarthritis
inflammatory condition of joints associated with aging
100
osteophytes
bone spurs
101
spondylosis
degenerative disorder can cause loss of normal spinal structure and function
102
gout
arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints
103
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic autoimmune disorder in which the synovial membranes and other body tissues are inflamed and thickened
104
ankylosing spondylitis
form of RA that causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
105
herniated disk
breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
106
lumbago
pain of the lumbar region of the spine
107
spondylolisthesis
forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it
108
spina bifida
congenital defect when spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
109
kyphosis
abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine
110
lordosis
abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
111
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
112
avracular necrosis
area of bone tissue death cause by insufficient blood flow
113
craniostenosis
malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures
114
Paget's disease
chronic bone disease characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone usually in pelvis, skull, spine and legs, followed by abnormal bone formation
115
Ricketts
deficiency disease occurring in kids characterized by defective bone growth resulting from lack of vitamin D
116
short stature (dwarfism)
results from failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk
117
talipes
any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus
118
osteochondroma
benign bony projection covered in cartilage
119
osteoporosis
marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity - assoc. with aging
120
osteopenia
thinner than average bone density but not yet osteoporosis
121
compression fracture
when bone is pressed together on itself
122
Colles' fracture
fractured wrist at lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing their hands
123
osteoporotic hip fracture
broken hip - usually caused by weakening of the bone
124
closed fracture
bone is broken but no open wound
125
open fracture
bone is broken and there is an open wound
126
comminuted fracture
bone is splintered or crushed
127
greenstick fracture
bone is bent and only partially broken - occurs primarily in kids
128
oblique fracture
occurs at an angle across the bone
129
pathologic fracture
occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
130
spiral fracture
a fracture in which bone is twisted apart
131
stress fracture
small crack in bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact
132
transverse fracture
break straight across the bone
133
fat embolus
can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into blood
134
crepitation
grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
135
callus
bulging deposit that forms around broken bone as it heals
136
Magnetic resonance imaging - MRI
used to image soft tissues structures
137
Bone density testing
used to determine losses or changes in bone density
138
ultrasonic bone density testing
screening test for osteoporosis - sounds waves take measurement of heel bone
139
dual x-ray absorptiometry
low-exposure x-ray of spine and hips to measure done density
140
allogenic bone marrow transplant
uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor
141
autologous bone marrow transplant
pt receives their own bone marrow cells, which were harvested, cleansed, treated and stored before the remaining bone marrow in pt body is destroyed
142
arthrodesis
surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint
143
arthrolysis
surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
144
arthroplasty
surgical placement of an artificial joint
145
hip resurfacing
alternative to removing the head of the femur - metal cap is placed over head of femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum
146
revision sx
replacement of a worn or failed implant
147
osteoclasis
surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
148
closed reduction
attempted realignment of the bone is returned to its normal
149
immobilization
act of holding, suturing or fastening bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
150
external fixation
fracture treatment procedure where pins are placed thru soft tissue and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing
151
internal fixation
fracture tx in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place
152
traction
pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
