Urinary System Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
urea
A
the major waste product of protein metabolism
2
Q
kidneys
A
organs that filter blood to remove waste products and excess water
3
Q
renal
A
pertaining to the kidneys
4
Q
renal cortex
A
outer region of the kidney that contains nephrons
5
Q
medulla
A
inner region of the kidney containing most of the urine collecting tubules
6
Q
nephrons
A
where urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption and secretion
7
Q
glomerulus
A
a cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the bowman’s capsule and a renal tubule
8
Q
renal artery
A
where blood enters the kidney and flows into the nephrons
9
Q
renal vein
A
where the filtered blood that is leaving the kidneys returns to the blood stream
10
Q
rena pelvis
A
funnel shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla - where newly formed urine collects before flowing into ureters
11
Q
ureters
A
2 narrow tubes which transport urine from kidney to bladder
12
Q
ureteral orifices
A
where urine drains from the ureters into bladder - located in the wall of the bladder
13
Q
bladder
A
oval hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine
14
Q
urethra
A
tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body
15
Q
urethral meatus
A
external opening of the urethra
16
Q
urination
A
normal process of excreting urine
17
Q
nephrologist
A
physician specializing in dx-ing and tx-ing diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males
18
Q
nephropathy
A
any disease of the kidney
19
Q
renal failure
A
inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions
20
Q
azotemia
A
elevation of the blood eras nitrogen caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney
21
Q
uremia
A
toxic condition from renal failure and urea and other waste products are retained in the blood
22
Q
acute renal failure
A
sudden onset and is characterized by uremia - caused by kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration or sudden drop in blood volume or pressure
23
Q
chronic kidney disease
A
progressive loss of renal function
24
Q
end-stage renal disease
A
final stage of chronic kidney disease
25
nephrotic syndrome
group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost through the urine - usually caused by damage to the glomeruli results in low levels of protein the the blood
26
edema
excessive fluid accumulation in body tissue
27
hyperproteinuria
abnormal high concentration of protein in the urine
28
hypoproteinemia
abnormal low concentration of protein in the urine
29
hydeonephrosis
dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys
30
nephritis
inflammation of the kidney or kidneys - most common causes are toxins, infection or autoimmune disease
31
glomerulonephritis
type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine
32
nephroptosis
the prolapse or drooping down of a kidney into the pelvic area when a pt stands
33
nephropyosis
suppuration (formation or discharge of pus) of the kidney
34
polycystic kidney disease
genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid filled cysts in kidneys, reducing kidney function and leading to kidney failure
35
renal colic
acute pain the in kidney area caused by blockage during the passage of a kidney stone
36
Wilms tumor
rate type of malignant rumor of kidney that occurs in kids
37
stone
abnormal mineral deposit formed in the body and named for where it is located
38
nephrolithiasis
presence of stones in the kidney
39
nephrolith
kidney stone
40
ureterolith
stone located anywhere in the ureter
41
cystolith
stone located in bladder
42
hydroureter
swelling of the ureter with urine that can't flow b/c the ureter is blocked - always accompanies hydronephrosis
43
ureterectasis
distention of a ureter dur to hydroureter or congenital abnormalities
44
ureterorrhagia
discharge of blood from the ureter
45
cystalgia
pain the in the bladder
46
cystocele
aka prolapsed bladder - hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall
47
interstitial cystitis
chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder but do not respond to traditional treatment
48
vesicoureteral reflux
backward flow of urine into ureters from the bladder - most common in infants and kids
49
vesicovaginal fistula
abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows contains involuntary flow of urine from bladder into vagina
50
neurogenic bladder
urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination - can cause bladder to empty spontaneously, prevent bladder from emptying at all or fully
51
benign prostatic hyperplasia
aka enlarged prostate - enlargement of prostate gland that occurs in men 50 or older - makes urination difficult and causes other urinary-tract issues
52
prostatism
disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to enlarged prostate
53
prostatitis
groups of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland
54
urethrorrhagia
bleeding from the urethra
55
urethrorrhea
abnormal discharge from the urethra
56
urethrostenosis
narrowing of the urethra, almost exclusively in men and caused by scarring from infection or injury
57
epispadias
congenital abnormality of the urethral opening
males - opening is on upper surface of penis
females- in the region of the clitoris
58
hypospadias
congenital abnormality of the urethral opening
males - opening is on ventral (underside) surface of penis
females- opens into vagina
59
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
60
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney
61
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
62
anuria
absence of urination formation by kidneys
63
diuresis
increased output of urine
64
dysuria
difficult or painful urination
65
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine
66
nocturnal enuresis
urinary incontinence during sleep
67
nocturia
frequent and excessive urination during the night
68
oliguria
scanty urination due to dehydration, renal failure or urinary tract obstruction
69
polyuria
excessive urination - common diabetes symptom
70
urinary hesitancy
difficulty in starting a urine stream
71
urinary retention
inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate
72
urinary incontinence
inability to control the voiding of urine
73
overflow incontinence
continuous leaking from the bladder either b/c its full or b/c it doesn't empty completely
74
stress incontinence
inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress - e.g running, lifting, sneezing, laughing or coughing
75
overactive bladder
muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not full enough
76
urinalysis
examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements
77
voiding cystourethrography
diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and thru the urethra
78
computed tomography
CT Scan
79
glomerular filtration rate
blood test to check how well kidneys are functioning at filtering blood
80
cystography
x-ray exam of bladder with contrast
81
intravenous pyelography
radiographic study of kidneys and ureters with contract to dx changes in urinary tract
82
KUB
radiographic study without contrast to detect bowel obstructions and kidney stones - stands for Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder but doesn't show ureters
83
retrograde urography
radiograph of urinary system taken after contrast placed in urethra and caused flow upward through urinary tract
84
digital rectal examination
finger in rectum to palpate prostate gland to check for enlargement or tumors
85
prostate-specific antigen blood test
used to screen from prostate cancer - higher the PSA level the likelier of cancer
86
diuretics
medications to increase urine secretion to rid body of excess water and salt
87
dialysis
procedure to remove waste products from the blood of pt without functioning kidneys
88
hemodialysis
waste products are filtered directly from the patients blood - most common type of dialysis
89
peritoneal dialysis
dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood
90
nephrolysis
surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions
91
nephropexy
surgical fixation of a floating kidney (nephroptosis)
92
nephrostomy
placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body
93
pyelotomy
surgical incision into the renal pelvis - performed to correct obstructions
94
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
destruction of kidney stones using high energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel - most common tx
95
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
surgical removal of a nephrolith thru a small incision in the back
96
ill consuit
use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen
97
lithotomy
surgical incision for the removal of a a nephrolith from the bladders - not common but name is used for physical exam position involving the pelvis and lower abdomen
98
urinary catherization
performed to withdraw for diagnostic purposes, to allow urine to drain freely or to place a fluid sac such as chemo into bladder
99
indwelling catheter
remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need
100
urethral catherization
performed by inserting a plastic tube (catheter) thru the urethra and into bladder
101
suprapubic catherization
placement of catheter into the bladder thru a small incision in abdomen wall above pubic bone
102
Foley catheter
most common type of indwelling catheter
103
intermittent catheter
inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from bladder
104
meatotomy
surgical incision made in the urethra meatus to enlarge the opening
105
urethrotomy
surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture
106
ablation
term used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer - involves removal of a body part or the destruction of its function they use of sx, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery, or other methods
107
transurethral prostatectomy
removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope -TURP
108
retrograde ejaculation
seamen that flows backward into bladder during orgasm
