skillman study guide Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
what defines life?
A
seven (several) characteristics define life. order, regulation, reproduction, growth and development, evotionary adaption, energy processing and the response to the envronment
2
Q
3 domains of life?
A
eukarya, archaea, bacteria
3
Q
3 kingdoms of eukarya
A
animal, plant, fungi
4
Q
how are the 3 kingdoms of eukarya similar and different.
A
different: the way we get nutrients
plants produce their own sugars and other food molecules by photosynthesis,
fungi absorb dissolved nutrients from their surroundings
animals get food by ingestion(eating)
similar: they are all muticellular organisms but gungi can be unicellular
5
Q
give examples of fungi
A
yeast, mold, fungus
6
Q
give examples of plant
A
mosses, fern, conifers, plant flowers
7
Q
give examples of animals
A
sponges, worms,insects and vertebrae
8
Q
____Eukaryotic cells. They have membranes composed of straight fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages. If they possess cell walls, those walls contain no peptidoglycan.
A
eukarya
9
Q
this is? Prokaryotic cells. They have membranes composed of straight fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages and have cell walls containing peptidoglycan
A
bacteria
10
Q
this is?Prokaryotic cells. They have membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages and have cell walls that contain no peptidoglycan. They often live in extreme environments.
A
archae
11
Q
this is? Multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells. The cells are organized into tissues and lack cell walls. They do not carry out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients primarily by ingestion.
A
animal
12
Q
this is? Multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells. The cells are organized into tissues and have cell walls. They obtain nutrients by photosynthesis and absorption.
A
plant
13
Q
this is? Simple, predominately unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Examples includes slime molds, euglenoids, algae, and protozoans.
A
fungi
14
Q
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
belong to the domain
A
bacteria
15
Q
A cell possesses a nuclear membrane and
nucleolus, mitochondria, an endoplasmic reticulum,
and Golgi complexes. This cell belongs to the domain
A
eukarya
16
Q
Protozoa and fungi belong to the domain:
A
eukarya
17
Q
The rapid adaptability of bacteria to new
environments is due predominantly to:
A
horizontal gene transefer
18
Q
refers to the transfer of genes between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction. Also termed lateral gene transfer (LGT)
A
horizontal gene transfer (hgt)
19
Q
surface area to volume are greater when
A
the cell is smalle
20
Q
2 types of cells
A
prokaryotes and eukaryote
21
Q
t/f prokaryotes are more complex than eukaryotes
A
false. prokaryotes are more simpler than eukaryotes
22
Q
the smaller the surface to volume ratio
A
the more structurally complex a cell needs to be in order to carry out lifes function
23
Q
t/f viruses are prokaryotes
A
false. viurses are not cells, so they are not prokaryotic or eukaryotic, they can replicate only a living cell.
24
Q
t/f cell is the basic unit of life
A
true
25
t/f all living organisms are composed of 2 or more cells
false. all living organisms are composed or 1 or more cells
26
t/f a prokaryote has larger surface to volume ratio than eukaryotes
i think this is true. because the smaller the cell, the greater the surface to volume ratio
27
shorter the wavelength
the higher the resolution
28
t/f no more than 3 electrons can occupy a single orbital
false. no more than 2 electrons can occupy a single oribital
29
The first electron shell can therefore accommodate
up to 2 electrons in its s orbital
30
The four orbitals of the second electron shell can hold
up to 8 electrons, 2 in each orbital.
31
t/f Electrons in each of the four orbitals have nearly different energy, but they move in different volumes of space.
false. Electrons in each of the four orbitals have nearly the same energy, but they move in different volumes of space.
32
atoms interact in a way
that completes thier valence shell
33
The strongest kinds of chemical bonds .
are covalent bonds and ionic bonds (when in dry ionic compounds).
34
the bonding capacity is called the atoms...
valence and usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom’s outermost (valence) shell.
35
a cation is
positive
36
a anion is
negative
37
an ionic compound
does not consist of molecules
38
t/f covalent bonds are weaker bonds
false, covalent bonds are stronger
39
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, all except lipids are chain like molecules called
polymers
40
polymer
a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks, linked by covalent bonds
41
monomers
the repeating units serve as building blocks of a polymer are smaller molecules
42
enzymes
specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
43
carbohydrates
include sugars and polymers of sugars
44
the simplest carbohydrates are
monosacharrides or simple sugars
45
disaccharide
are double sugars, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond,consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage, a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
46
carbohydrate macromolecules are
polymers called polysacharrides, composed of many sugar building blocks
47
monosacharrides
generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH20, glucose for example (C6H1206)
48
the most common monsaccarride is
glucose
49
carbonyl group
CO
50
hydroxyl group
-OH
51
depending on the location of the carbonyl group, a sugar is either a
alydose (aldehyde sugar) or ketose (ketone sugar)
52
t/f glucose is a ketose
false, glucose is an alydose
53
frotose is what type of sugar?
ketose
54
give an example of a disaccaride
maltose, sucrose
55
glycosidic linkage
a covalent bond formed between 2 monosacarrides by a dehydration reaction
56
polysacarride
are macromolecules, polymers with a few 100 to a few thousand monosacarride joinedd by glycosidic linkage
57
The architecture and function of a polysaccharide are determined by its
sugar monomers and by the positions of its glycosidic linkages
58
both plants and animals store sugars
for later use in the form of storage polysaccarides
59
plants store
starch
60
starch
a polymer of glucose monomers, as granules within cellular structures known as plastids, which include chlorplast
61
t/f Most of the glucose monomers in starch are joined by 1–4 linkages (number 1 carbon to number 4 carbon)
true
62
the simplest form of starch is
amylose
63
animals store a polypeptide called
glycogen
64
glycogen
multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi
65
. Vertebrates store glycogen mainly in
liver and muscle cells
66
cellulose
a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells
67
cellulose is a polymer of
glucose
68
When glucose forms a ring, the hydroxyl group attached to the number 1 carbon is positioned
below or above the plane of the ring
69
t/f a cellulose molecule is bent
a cellulose molecule is straight. (Cellulose is never branched, and some hydroxyl groups on its glucose monomers are free to hydrogen-bond with the hydroxyls of other cellulose molecules lying parallel to it)
70
t/f cellulose is not a nutrient for humans,
true
71
An exoskeleton
is a hard case that surrounds the soft parts of an animal.
72
t/f lipids do include true polymers
false. lipids do NOT include true polymers
73
give an example of a monosacharride
frutose and glucose
74
disacharride examples
lactose and sucrose
75
polysacarride examples
cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitlin
76
cellulose is found in
plants
77
cellulose
strengthens plant cell walls
78
ecosytem
consist of all living things in a particular area(grasslamds, desert, coral reefs are ecosystems), along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light.
79
communities
diverse living things, such as animals, fungi, plant, insects make up a community
80
populations
consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area. For example, our forest includes a population of sugar maple trees and a population of white-tailed deer
81
organisms
individual living things (example: one plant, one deer)
82
organs and organ system
organism would be like a tree and a leafe would be like the organ
83
tissues
a group of cells that work together to perform a specific functon
84
molecules
a chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms
85
All the organisms on your campus make up
a community
86
which of the following is a correct sequence of levels in life’s hierarchy, proceeding downward from an individual animal?
a. organism, brain, organ system, nerve cell
b. organ system, nervous tissue, brain, nerve cell
c. organism, organ system, tissue, cell, organ
d. nervous system, brain, nervous tissue, nerve cell
a. organism brain, organ system, nerve cell
87
Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which Darwin’s theory of natural selection is based?
a)Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.
B)There is heritable variation among individuals.
c)Because of overproduction of offspring, there is competition for limited resources.
D) Individuals whose inherited characteristics best fit them to the environment will generally produce more offspring.
E)A population can become adapted to its environment over time.
a. poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring
88
Systems biology is mainly an attempt to
construct models of the behavior of entire biological systems
89
Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because
protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack.
90
What best demonstrates the unity among all organisms?
the structure and function of DNA
91
a controlled experiment is one that
may include experimental groups and control groups tested in parallel.
92
What best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science?
Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power.
93
Wiat is an example of qualitative data?
The fish swam in a zig-zag motion.
94
What best describes the logic of scientific inquiry?
if my hypothesis is correct, i can expect certain test results
95
In the term trace element, the adjective trace means that
the element is required in very small amounts
96
Compared with 31^P, the radioactive isotope 32^P has
has one more neutron
97
The reactivity of an atom arises from
the existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell
98
What statement is true of all atoms that are anions?
the atoms has more electrons than protons
99
What statements correctly describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium?
the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal
100
We can represent atoms by listing the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons—for example, 2p+, 2n0, 2e- for helium. Which of the following represents the 18O isotope of oxygen?
8p+, 10n0, 8e-
101
The atomic number of sulfur is 16. Sulfur combines with hydrogen by covalent bonding to form a compound, hydrogen sulfide. Based on the number of valence electrons in a sulfur atom, predict the molecular formula of the compound
H2S
102
What coefficients must be placed in the following blanks so that all atoms are accounted for in the products? C6H12O6 S ____ C2H6O + ____ CO2
2:2
103
Which of the following is a hydrophobic material?
a) paper
b) table salt
c) wax
d) sugar
a) wax
104
We can be sure that a mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin C are equal in their
number of molecules
105
Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake?
10^-4 M
106
What is the hydroxide ion concentration of the lake described in Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0.
10^10 M
107
A slice of pizza has 500 kcal. If we could burn the pizza and use all the heat to warm a 50-L container of cold water, what would be the approximate increase in the temperature?
10 degrees C
108
Organic chemistry is currently defined as
the study of carbon compounds
109
Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base
amino
110
What action could produce a carbonyl group?
the replacement of the -OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen
111
Which of the following categories includes all others in the list?
```
polysaccharide
starch
monosaccharide
carbohydrate
disaccharide
```
carbohydrates
112
The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the α form. Whiat could amylase break down?
glycogen, starch, and amylopectin
113
what is true of unsaturated fats?
They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.
114
The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the
primary level
115
Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes?
The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken
116
The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking
C60 H102 O51
117
Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA?
5´-ATGC-3´ with 5´-GCAT-3´
118
Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system?
1) nuclear envelope
2) chloroplast
3) Golgi apparatus
4) plasma membrane
5) ER
chloroplast
119
endomembrane system consist of
nuclear envelope, plasma membrane, vesicles, vacules, endoplasmic reticum, lysomes, golgi apparatus
120
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?
a. chloroplast
b. central vacuole
c. mitochondrion
d. centriol
mitochondrion
121
Which structure-function pair is mismatched?
a. microtubule; muscle contraction
b. ribosome; protein synthesis
c. Golgi; protein trafficking
d. nucleolus; production of ribosomal subunits
microtubule muscle contraction
122
Cyanide binds to at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the
mitochondria
123
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?
ER →Golgi →vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
124
Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes?
phagocytic white blood cell
