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Skin Theory Flashcards

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1
Q

Skin as an organ in a constant state of regeneration and protection though what

A

Cell renewal
Immune responses
Biochemical reactions

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2
Q

Skin main use

A

Acts as a barrier to protect internal organs

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3
Q

Functions of skin (6)

A

Sensations
Heat regulation
Absorption
Protections (keeps external toxins + elements form penetrating)
Excretion
Secretion

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4
Q

Sensation description

A

Sense of touch controlled by a network of nerve endings and touch receptors; send signals to the nervous system and brain (somatosensory system)

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5
Q

4 sensation receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Pain receptors
Proprioceptors

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6
Q

Mechanoreceptors - responsible for and includes:

A

Responsible for sensations of pressure, vibrations, movement, and texture

Includes merkel cells, meissner’s corpuscle. Ruffini’s corpuscles, and pacinian corpuscles

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7
Q

Thermoreceptors - responsible for and includes:

A

Responsible for sensing hot and cold

Includes Krause end bulbs and nerve endings

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8
Q

Pain receptors - responsible for and includes:

A

Sensing pain

Nociceptors

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9
Q

Proprioceptors - responsible for

A

Sensing different parts of the body positioned in relation to each other and the environment

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10
Q

Thermoregulation description

A

Heating and cooling w/in the body; skin helps by sweating

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11
Q

Vasodilation description

A

When the body gets warm, blood vessels dilate, or widen, to allow heat to evaporate

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12
Q

Vasoconstriction description

A

When body is cold, blood vessels constrict, or narrow, to keep the heat near essential organs

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13
Q

Causing vasodilation with ____ or vasoconstriction with _____ , helps reduce ______ or increase _______

A

Heat
Cold
Redness
Microcirculation

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14
Q

Thermogenesis description

A

Shivering; Core temp drops, body sends signals for muscles to shake to expend energy

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15
Q

Essential substances enter the skin to be

A

Used within the cells or absorbed by the body

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16
Q

Transdermal penetration def

A

Process of absorption into the skin to

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17
Q

Primary ways products are absorbed

A

Appendages
Intercellular space
Transcellular diffusion

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18
Q

Appendages absorption description

A

If molecules of products are small enough, penetration of chemicals may happen

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19
Q

Intercellular space absorption description

A

Lipid-soluble products can use between corneocytes; molecular size and delivery system is important

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20
Q

Transcellular diffusion absorption description

A

Molecules move directly though corneocytes

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21
Q

Factors affecting skin absorption

A

Condition of stratum corneum (outermost layer of skin)
Hydration level
Oiliness of skin
Size of products molecules
Temp of skin
Concentration of substance
Occlusion (blockage or closing of an opening of blood vessels)
Chemical actions

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22
Q

Skin barrier consists of 2 layers

A

Acid mantle + stratum corneum

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23
Q

Acid mantle description

A

First line of defense in skin’s barrier; essential for proper immune responses and skin strength; helps protect from UV radiation; maintains healthy microflora + provides lubrication (sebum w/ natural moisturizers)

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24
Q

Healthy pH range

A

4.5 - 5.5

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25
Stratum corneum description
Contains squamous cells (corneocytes); Cells no longer alive; no nucleus or organelles; generates NMF (sebum w/ natural moisturizers) for pH balance in acid mantle; mediates biochemical interactions between cells
26
How many cell layers thick is the stratum corneum
~15-20
27
Cell renewal begins at which layer within the epidermis
Basal layer
28
Cell renewal within the basal layer in the epidermis includes
Epithelial cells Melanocyte cells Langerhans cells Merkel cells Desmosomes
29
Epithelial cells description
Most abundant cells; many dif functions
30
Melanocyte cells description
Pigmented cells; produce melanin
31
Langerhans cells description
Immune system cell in the skin
32
Merkel cells description
Cells right below epidermis; plays role in touch
33
Desmosomes description
maintains mechanical integrity of tissues
34
Keratinocyte description
Most abundant cell; keratin in skin = soft keratin; keratin in hair + nails = hard keratin;
35
Cells are created by ______
Mitosis (cell division)
36
Corneocytes def
“Dead cell”; helps the skin’s protective barrier; as corneocyte moves upward toward the stratum corneum, its held together w/ filaments (desmosomes)
37
Keritinization def
Chemical conversion of living cells into dead protein cells (cell renewal)
38
Length of keratinization process
~4-6 weeks
39
Factors that affect cell renewal
Age Smoking Sun exposure Hygiene Environment Use of exfoliants Lifestyle Sleep Skin conditions (including psoriasis) Health and medications
40
Desquamation def
Shedding, peeling, or coming off in scales of the top layer of epidermis
41
Desquamation description
Natural, gentle shedding process; dead skin cell buildup leads to a dull, dry skin appearance
42
Exfoliation def
Removal of dead skin
43
Exfoliation stimulates and helps
Stimulates new cell growth by removing outer layer of epidermis cells; helps unclog pores, aids in reducing breakouts, encourages cell renewal, + promotes optimum skin fitness + health
44
2 types of exfoliation
Mechanical (physical) and chemical
45
Keloids def
Scarring
46
Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) def
Excess production of melanin resulting in darker patches of skin color
47
Four phases of wound healing w/ times
Hemostasis - day 1 immediate injury Inflammation - day 1 to hours after injury Proliferation - day 2 to 3 weeks Maturation (remodeling) - 3rd week to 1 year
48
Hemostasis description
Starts upon injury or hours after initial wound; blood clotting; superficial wounds do not have this phase
49
Inflammation description
Inflammation Cascade starts with an hours; edema and erythema present
50
Proliferation description
Starts 2 days after wound; can last up to 3 weeks Epithelialization (cell renewal) Collagen synthesis Extra cellular matrix (ECM) reorganization
51
Maturation (remodeling) description
Weeks to months ECM remodeling continues Wound becomes stronger Post inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) may be present
52
Two primary cells in epidermis
Melanocytes Langerhans cells
53
Melanocytes are responsible for
Color of skin, hair, and eyes
54
Melanosomes def
Packets of color distributed to keratinocytes
55
Tyrosinase def
Enzyme that triggers production of melanosomes
56
MSH def
Melanin stimulating hormone
57
Where are melanocytes located
In basal layer of epidermis
58
What do Langerhans cells do
Recognize “invaders”; surround and capture them; invaders are destroyed and sent to lymphatic system
59
Excretion function
Function = to expel waste products; help regulate temperature; detoxification
60
Detoxification description
Removal of impurities, toxins, pollutants, and dead skin cells; involves natural process of perspiration, metabolism, and excretion by liver
61
Two glands related to excretion process
Eccrine sweat gland Apocrine sweat gland
62
Eccrine gland description
Major sweat gland; secretes water and salt; helps with thermoregulation; stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
63
Apocrine gland description
Inactive until stimulated by hormones (puberty); responsible for odor; stimulated by adrenaline; found in genitals, underarms, breasts, and eyelids
64
Detoxing def
Deep cleanse of skin
65
Topical products do or do not pull toxins out of the skin
Do not pull toxins out
66
Secretion def
Substances products by the body that keeps it functioning
67
Sebum def
Complex mixture of fatty substances secreted by sebaceous glands
68
Normal skin type oil characteristics
Mild oil production throughout the face; well-hydrated and balanced
69
Dry skin type oil characteristics
Minimal oil production; oil on nose or chin if at all
70
Combination skin type oil characteristics
Oil production in center part of face
71
Oily skin type oil characteristics
Widespread oil production throughout the face
72
The body does not naturally produce which vitamin w/out sunlight exposure
The body does not naturally produce vitamin D without sunlight exposure
73
Vitamin D production “steps”
UVB rays hit the skin, and a fatty acid (7-DHC) converts into D3 and enters circulation system. Then the liver enzymes process D3 into calcitriol, which is circulated by the kidneys
74
Primary role of vitamin D
Control levels of calcium and phosphate
75
Where is most 7-DHC located
Basal and spinosum layers of epidermis
76
Over-the-counter meds like aspirin can contribute to what
Surface bruising if taken over a period
77
Antidepressants (serotonin reuptake inhibitors - SSRIs) skin effects
Hives Rashes Itching Bruising Photosensitivity
78
Thyroid medication skin effects
Improves thyroid symptoms: dry skin, sensitivity, + hair loss
79
Hormone replacement therapy skin effects
Improves menopause: dry skin, improved discoloration, increased signs of aging
80
Antibiotics skin effects
Photosensitivity
81
Diabetes medication skin effects
Some types of skin itchiness + sensitivity
82
High blood pressure medication skin effects
Rashes Itchiness Sensitivity
83
Chemotherapy/radiation skin effects
Rashes Itching Bruising Photosensitivity Skin disorders
84
Decongestants/ allergy medication skin effects
Dehydration Increase TEWL
85
NSAIDs/anti-inflammatory medication skin effects
Photosensitivity Dehydration
86
Narcotics/ pain medication skin effects
Dehydration Sensitivity

Esthe (39 decks)

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