Social Psy

Question 1

Question ID #18323: The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) of persuasion predicts that:
Select one:
A. central route processing produces attitude change that is more persistent over time than does peripheral route processing.
B. in terms of short-term effects, central route processing produces a greater amount of attitude change than does peripheral route processing.
C. central route processing relies more on environmental cues than does peripheral route processing.
D. central route processing produces positive attitude change while peripheral route processing is more likely to produce negative attitude change.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Question ID #119442: Those with privilege may hold beliefs that they are superior to others or others are inferior to them, that they have the power to impose standards, and that their reality is the same experience for everyone. This sort of worldview is known as: 
Select one: 
A. Ethnocentric monoculturalism 
B. Prejudice 
C. Racism 
D. Discrimination

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Question ID #18296: The belief that watching someone else act aggressively will serve to reduce one's own aggressiveness is most consistent with the notion of: 
Select one: 
A. inoculation.  
B. vicarious reinforcement. 
C. catharsis. 
D. vicarious desensitization.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Question ID #18343: In a research study, a social psychologist offers participants either $1.00 or $20.00 to tell potential participants that a dull experiment was very interesting. With regard to cognitive dissonance theory and self perception theory, which of the following is true?
Select one:
A. Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that participants in the $1.00 condition will subsequently report greater liking for the dull experiment, while self-perception theory predicts that participants in the $20.00 condition will subsequently report greater liking for the dull experiment.
B. Self-perception theory predicts that participants in the $1.00 condition will subsequently report greater liking for the dull experiment, while cognitive dissonance theory predicts that participants in the $20.00 condition will subsequently report greater liking for the dull experiment.
C. Cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory both predict that participants in the $1.00 condition will subsequently report greater liking for the dull experiment than will those in the $20.00 condition.
D. Cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory both predict that participants in the $20.00 condition will subsequently report greater liking for the dull experiment than will those in the $1.00 condition.

Answer 4

C

Question 5

Question ID #18299: A father is quite upset about his 11-year old son's recent unwillingness to do as he is told, and he tells his son, "I'm the boss around here and you must do as I say." The father is relying on which type of social power to control his son's behavior? 
Select one: 
A. expert 
B. referent 
C. legitimate 
D. coercive

Answer 5

C

Question 6

Question ID #18652: Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behavior predicts that attitudes are good predictors of a person's behavior when the measure of attitudes assesses the person's: 
Select one: 
A. intrinsic motivation. 
B. ego involvement. 
C. behavioral intention.  
D. past behavior.

Answer 6

C

Question 7

Question ID #18353: According to Herek (1991), harassment of and violence against lesbians and gay men is the result of: 
Select one: 
A. an antisocial predisposition. 
B. extreme authoritarianism. 
C. homophobia. 
D. heterosexism.

Answer 7

D

Question 8

Question ID #18297: Sherif (1935) used which of the following to investigate conformity to group norms? 
Select one: 
A. visual cliff 
B. jigsaw classroom 
C. door-in-the-face technique 
D. autokinetic effect

Answer 8

D

Question 9

Question ID #18298: During a family therapy session, the therapist tells the 8-year old son that he should keep annoying his sister, even though it makes her very mad. The boy says, "I don't have to if I don't want to." The boy's response to the therapist's request is best described as a manifestation of which of the following? 
Select one: 
A. paradox 
B. double-bind 
C. source derogation 
D. psychological reactance

Answer 9

D

Question 10

Question ID #18349: The jigsaw technique is a(n):
Select one:
A. individual decision-making strategy.
B. cooperative learning strategy.
C. method for reducing susceptibility to persuasion.
D. method for decreasing conformity to group norms.

Answer 10

B

Question 11

Question ID #19266: According to Kelman (1961), the possible responses to social influence are:
Select one:
A. compliance, identification, internalization
B. conformity, compliance, obedience
C. compliance, conformity, internalization
D. rejection, concession, compliance

Answer 11

A

Question 12

Question ID #18355: In a research study, boys observe a model act aggressively toward an inflatable “Bobo” doll. For some boys, the model is rewarded for acting aggressively; for others, the model is punished; and, for others, the model is neither rewarded nor punished. Subsequently, all boys are offered incentives for acting aggressively toward the doll. Based on your knowledge of Bandura’s (1983) research on social learning theory, you predict that:
Select one:
A. only boys who observed the model being rewarded will act aggressively toward the doll.
B. only boys who observed the model being rewarded or receiving no consequence will act aggressively toward the doll.
C. only boys who observed the model being punished will act aggressively toward the doll.
D. all boys (those who saw the model rewarded, punished, or receiving no consequence) will act aggressively toward the doll.

Answer 12

D

Question 13

Question ID #18339: According to Sherif and Hovland’s (1961) social judgment theory, a person’s latitudes of rejection, non-commitment, and acceptance are affected by which of the following?
Select one:
A. the persons level of involvement with the topic addressed by the persuasive message
B. the persons perceptions about the consequences of altering his/her opinion or behavior
C. the persons self-efficacy beliefs
D. the persons level of cognitive dissonance

Answer 13

A

Question 14

Question ID #18354: Berkowitz (1971) revised the original frustration-aggression hypothesis by proposing that frustration leads to aggression only when:
Select one:
A. the aggressor anticipates positive consequences for acting aggressively.
B. there are aggressive cues in the environment.
C. the recipient of the aggression has low status.
D. the recipient of the aggression provoked the aggressor.

Answer 14

B

Question 15

Question ID #18310: In general, a communicator of a persuasive message will produce the greatest amount of attitude change in a listener when the communicator is \_\_\_\_\_ in credibility and the discrepancy between the listener's initial position and the position advocated by the communicator is \_\_\_\_\_. 
Select one: 
A. high; moderate  
B. high; small 
C. low; large 
D. low; moderate

Answer 15

A

Question 16

Question ID #18324: Research on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has found that people tend to pay more attention to information that confirms their beliefs about themselves than to information that contradicts those beliefs. 
Select one: 
A. propositions 
B. heuristics 
C. schemas  
D. metamemory

Answer 16

C

Question 17

Question ID #18345: When a listener is exposed to both sides of an argument, a primacy effect is most likely to occur when:
Select one:
A. the first side of the argument is presented immediately before the second side and the listeners attitude is measured immediately after presentation of the second argument.
B. the first side of the argument is presented immediately before the second side and the listeners attitude is measured at a later time.
C. there is a delay between presentation of the first and second sides of the argument and the listeners attitude is measured immediately after presentation of the second argument.
D. there is a delay between presentation of the first and second sides of the argument and the listeners attitude is measured at a later time.

Answer 17

B

Question 18

Question ID #18306: Asch (1946) found that some characteristics (e.g., warm and cold) influence the impressions people form of others more than other characteristics do, and he referred to these influential characteristics as: 
Select one: 
A. stable attributes. 
B. central traits.  
C. schemata. 
D. stereotypes.

Answer 18

B

Question 19

Question ID #18312: Participants in a research study are injected with epinephrine which produces mild arousal. One half of the participants are told to expect arousal while the other half are told that the injection will have no physiological side effects. Each participant is then placed in a waiting room with a confederate who has been instructed to act in an angry manner. Subsequently, participants who were told to expect arousal from the epinephrine report no change in their emotional state, while those who were told to expect no side effects report feeling angry. Results of this study provide evidence for which of the following? 
Select one: 
A. attribution theory 
B. dissonance theory 
C. self-serving bias 
D. self-perception theory

Answer 19

D

Question 20

Question ID #18326: In a research study, prison inmates and counselors working at the prison were asked to explain why the inmates had committed their crimes. In response, the inmates cited situational factors, while the counselors attributed the offenses to the dispositional characteristics of the inmates. Which of the following predicts the outcome of this study? 
Select one: 
A. fundamental attribution bias 
B. self-serving bias 
C. actor-observer effect 
D. false consensus effect

Answer 20

C

Question 21

Question ID #119443: According to Hays (2001), would a 25-year-old individual be considered privileged?
Select one:
A. Yes, their age affords them rights that other age groups do not receive
B. No, the age group that is privileged is between 30-60 years
C. No, age is not included in the groups Hays identified
D. Yes, 25-year-olds are more able-bodied than older individuals

Answer 21

B

Question 22

Question ID #18325: The tendency to take credit for our successes but to blame other people or external circumstances for our failures is referred as the: 
Select one: 
A. fundamental attribution bias.  
B. confirmation bias. 
C. self-serving bias. 
D. optimism bias.

Answer 22

a. Incorrect The fundamental attribution bias is the tendency to attribute another person’s behavior to dispositional factors.
b. Incorrect The confirmation bias involves focusing on and seeking out information that confirms our preconceptions.
c. CORRECT CORRECT The self-serving bias applies to the attributions we make for our own behaviors. It refers to the tendency to take credit for our successes (i.e., make dispositional attributions) but to blame the circumstances or other people for our failures (i.e., make situational attributions).
d. Incorrect As its name suggests, the optimism bias refers to a tendency to be overly optimistic about the outcomes of our behaviors.

Question 23

Question ID #18327: According to Berscheid’s (1991) emotion-in-relationships model, strong emotions in romantic relationships occur when:
Select one:
A. interactions between partners deviate from expected patterns.
B. interactions between partners become coercive.
C. a partner’s internal working model of intimate relationships is not effective.
D. a partners illusions (unrealistic expectations) about romantic relationships are contradicted.

Answer 23

A

Question 24

Question ID #18341: As a supervisor, Jason J. always tries to modify his communication and managerial style so that they "match" the style and characteristics of the particular employee he is interacting with. Based on this information, you can conclude that Jason: 
Select one: 
A. is high in self-monitoring. 
B. is high in initiating structure.  
C. has low self-efficacy beliefs. 
D. has an internal locus of control.

Answer 24

A

Question 25

Question ID #18304: Research on consumer behavior has found that providing a bonus to customers for purchasing a product increases the sales of that product. However, if the bonus is subsequently discontinued, product loyalty declines substantially. This phenomenon is predicted by which of the following? 
Select one: 
A. availability heuristic 
B. dilution effect 
C. psychological reactance  
D. overjustification hypothesis

Answer 25

a. Incorrect The availability heuristic refers to the tendency to judge the frequency of an event based on how easy it is to think of examples of that event.
b. Incorrect The dilution effect refers to the weakening of an inference about someone due to the presence of irrelevant information about him/her.
c. Incorrect Reactance occurs when a person does not comply with a request because he/she feels that the request violates his/her sense of personal freedom.
d. CORRECT CORRECT The overjustification hypothesis predicts that a person’s internal motivation to perform a behavior will be weakened when he/she is provided with external reinforcement for engaging in the behavior.

Question 26

Question ID #18330: Which of the following emphasizes the role of the costs and rewards of a relationship on a person's decision to stay in the relationship? 
Select one: 
A. gain-loss theory 
B. expectancy theory 
C. social exchange theory  
D. social comparison theory

Answer 26

a. Incorrect Gain-loss theory (also known as the gain-loss effect) refers to the tendency to like or be most attracted to people who initially evaluate us negatively but subsequently evaluate us in positive ways.
b. Incorrect Expectancy theory predicts that motivation is the result of three beliefs - expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.
c. CORRECT CORRECT As its name implies, social exchange theory is based on the premise that human behavior is affected by the exchange of rewards between actors. Specifically, it predicts that the decision to stay in a relationship depends on the balance of costs and rewards: When a person believes that costs exceed rewards, the person will leave the relationship, but when the person believes that rewards exceed the costs, he/she will stay in the relationship.
d. Incorrect Social comparison theory predicts that people make judgments about themselves by comparing their behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs to those of other people.

Question 27

Question ID #18360: The predictions of social exchange theory are most applicable to our relationships with: 
Select one: 
A. close friends. 
B. parents.  
C. romantic partners. 
D. business associates.

Answer 27

D

Question 28

Question ID #18650: Which of the following has been used to explain the phenomenon known as the Zeigarnik effect? 
Select one: 
A. bystander apathy 
B. intergroup cooperation 
C. deindividuation 
D. psychic tension

Answer 28

D. The Zeigarnik effect refers to the tendency to recall uncompleted tasks better than completed tasks.