sociology paper two 4th june

Question 1

two main reasons why official statistics of domestic violence understate the true extent of the problem (and NAME the theorist for each)

Answer 1

victims unwilling to report to police (yearnshire 1997)
police reluctant to record, investigate cases reported to them, private sphere, male dominated (cheal 1991)

Question 2

theorist on why material deprivation can lead to increased domestic violence

Answer 2

Wilkinson + Pickett

Question 3

what did parsons believe about the family losing it’s function - key phrase

Answer 3

• structural differentiation, institutions becoming more specialised in a particular role.
• the family used to do lots of roles/jobs then it lost its roles to other institutions like healthcare, education

Question 4

explain the phrase used by marxists to show religion has led to social change

Answer 4

relative autonomy
- the superstructure can be partially independent from their economic base
- have an assertive level of freedom

Question 5

reasons for the changes in position of children (3 policies, 1 other)

Answer 5

• compulsory education 1880
• abolished child labour 1933
• children act 1989
• declining family size and IMR

Question 6

which theorist said childhood isn’t disappearing, its changing + what theory

Answer 6

jenks (2005)
post modernity

Question 7

explain parsons structural differentiation explanation of secularisation

Answer 7

the industrial revolution led to structural differentiation, including for religion
it led to disengagement and its functions were transferred to the state, education and family -
religion became privatised, a choice in the family so lost so much influence

Question 8

what has religion become in the USA allowing religious diversity

Answer 8

dogmatic

Question 9

example of obligation to consumption

Answer 9

there are more adult baptisms than child, has become a personal choice - no longer obliged

Question 10

example of lyon’s disembedded religion in pms

Answer 10

televangelism and the electronic church has made it de-institutionalised.

Question 11

example of compensators which the religious market provides

Answer 11

when answers are unobtainable, religion provides supernatural ones eg immortality isn’t available but religion claims there’s life after death.

Question 12

basic points of new age weaknesses 4

Answer 12

the problem of scale
socialising the next generation
weak committment
structural weaknesses

Question 13

4 basic points of effects from the changing rates of fertility and declining birth rate

Answer 13

women have more opportunities
dependency ratio, released burden
policies diverted away
vanishing kids, less voices

Question 15

name and explain 5 reasons why new religious movements have grown with an AO2

Answer 15

1. Marginalisation
   People who feel left out or unfairly treated in society join NRMs for a sense of belonging and support.
   AO2: Black Muslims in the USA gave identity and pride to oppressed Black communities.
   
   2. Relative Deprivation
      Even rich or comfortable people may feel spiritually unfulfilled and join NRMs to find meaning.
      AO2: Middle-class people joining the Moonies or Scientology despite material comfort.
   3. Social Change
      Fast changes in society like the Industrial Revolution make people feel lost, so they turn to NRMs for stability.
      AO2: Methodism .
   4. Growth of World-Rejecting Movements
      Less adult supervision + rejecting traditional values in 1960s
      AO2: youth in 1960s eg hippies + Hare Krishna
   5. Growth of World-Affirming Movements
      To accommodate for the loss of identity in modernity, finding inner peace .
      AO2: Transcendental Meditation or Scientology, offering self-help and success tools.