Sodium

Question 1

approx 70% of the sodium in the body is located in the,____, 30% is located_____

Answer 1

extracellular fluid

bone crystals

Question 2

primary source of dietary sodium is

Answer 2

added salt in the form of NaCl

Question 3

~75% of dietary sodium is from

Answer 3

processed foods

Question 4

____ % of sodium consumed is absorbed

Answer 4

95-100%

Question 5

absorption of sodium occurs in what three pathways

Answer 5

Na/glucose cotransport system
Na/Cl co transport system
electrogenic Na absorption mechanism

Question 6

Sodium is transported via the

Answer 6

Na/K ATPase pump

Question 7

the Na/K ATPase pump pumps sodium out of the ____ accoss the basolateral membrane into the blood stream

Answer 7

enterocyte

Question 8

functions of sodium

Answer 8

maintenance of membrane potential

maintenance of blood volume and blood pressure

Question 9

sodium is the principle _______ cation

Answer 9

extracellular

Question 10

potssium is the principle ______ cation

Answer 10

intracellular

Question 11

the membrane potential is maintaine by

Answer 11

Na/K ATPase pump

Question 12

tight control of cell membrane potential is critical for

Answer 12

nerve impulse transmission
muscle contraction
heart function

Question 13

sodium is the primary determinant of _______ volume

Answer 13

extracellular

Question 14

in the circulatory system, baroreceptors sense changes in blood pressure and send _____ or ______ signals to nervous system and endocrine glands to affect sodium regulation by the kidneys

Answer 14

excitatory or inhibitory

Question 15

serum sodium levels in the blood are maintained by what hormones

Answer 15

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
atrial natriuretic hormone (ANP)

Question 16

in response to a significant decrease in blood vlume or pressure, the kidneys release _____ into the circulation which produces angiotension I

Answer 16

renin

Question 17

angiotensin I is from _____ in the liver

Answer 17

angiotensinogen

Question 18

angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by

Answer 18

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Question 19

ACE is located

Answer 19

on the inner surface of blood vessels
lungs
liver
kidney

Question 20

Angiotensin II stimulates the ______ of arteriols

Answer 20

constriction

Question 21

Angiotensin II is a potent stimulator of

Answer 21

aldosterone synthesis

Question 22

aldosterone is produced by the

Answer 22

adrenal glands

Question 23

aldosterone is a steroid hormone that acts on the _____ to increase the reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium

Answer 23

kidneys

Question 24

a significant decrease in blood volume or pressure will stimulate the secretion of

Answer 24

ADH

Question 25

ADH acts on the kidneys to do what

Answer 25

increase reabsorption of water

Question 26

ANP is secreted by the ____

Answer 26

heart muscle cells

Question 27

why is ANP secreted

Answer 27

in response to high blood volume

Question 28

what does ANP do

Answer 28

increases the glomerular filtration rate

Question 29

what happens when the glomerular filtration rate is increased

Answer 29

increasing the excretion of sodium and water

Question 30

ANP inhibits the release of _____

Answer 30

renin

Question 31

excess sodium is excreted by the kidneys under the control of ___

Answer 31

aldosterone

Question 32

aldosterone is released from the

Answer 32

adrenal cortex

Question 33

why is aldosterone released from the adrenal cortex

Answer 33

in response to low sodium or high potassium and promotes retention of sodium and excretion of potassium

Question 34

hyponatremia may result from

Answer 34

inappropriate ADH secretion severe/prolonged d/v excessive/prolonged sweating use of some diuretics and certain kidney dzs

Question 35

Sx of hyponatremia

Answer 35

H/A n/v mm cramps fatigue, weakness, fainting

Question 36

complications of severe and rapidly developing hyponatremia include

Answer 36

``` cerebral edema seizures coma brain damage death ```

Question 37

clinical indications for sodium supplementation

Answer 37

electrolyte replenishment

Question 38

excessive intake os sodium chloride lead to an increase in _____fluid volume

Answer 38

extracellular

Question 39

excessive sodium intake can cause

Answer 39

n/v/d | abd cramping

Question 40

hypernatremia symptoms

Answer 40

dizzy faining low BP oliguria

Question 41

severe hypernatremia may result in

Answer 41

``` edema hypertension tachycardia dyspnea convulsions coma death ```

Question 42

high ____ intake increases urinary sodium excretion and protects against the hypertensive effects of sodium

Answer 42

potassium

Question 43

high sodium intake can increase urinary _____ excretion

Answer 43

calcium