Special Problems In Children Flashcards

(35 cards)

1
Q

What’s the most common lesion in neonates?

A

The Mongolian blue spot

(AKA Congenital dermal melanocytosis)

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2
Q

How do you treat a mongolian blue spot?

A

You don’t.

They usually regress over time.

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3
Q

What is this called?

A

Naevus of Ota

It is over the 1st or 2nd branch of the trigeminal nerve.

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4
Q

At what age peaks does the Naevus of Ota form?

A

1st peak = <1 year old

2nd peak = puberty

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5
Q

What is this?

A

Naevus of Ito

(Involves the supraclavicular, scapular or deltoid region)

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6
Q

Does a naeuvs of ito or a naevus of Ota spontaneously resolve?

A

No

Q-Switched Ruby Lasers have been successfull in the past.

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7
Q

What is this and how do you treat it?

A

Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum

Affects 50% of neonates

Usually begins on the face

Resolves spontaenously over a week or two.

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8
Q

What is this

At what age does it start?

How do you treat it?

A

Infantile Acne

About 3 months

Topical BPO & Topical Erythromycin.

Can consider Topical Tretinoin or Adapelene.

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9
Q

What are the two types of vascular birthmarks?

A

Infantile Haemangiomas

Vascular Malformations

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10
Q

What is this?

Who does it occur in?

Does it spontaneously resolve?

A
  • Infantile Haemangioma (Strawberry naevus)
  • More common in girls and premature infants.
  • It usually involutes leaving a hypopigmented patch:
    • 30% by 3
    • 90% by 9
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11
Q

When should an infantile haemangioma be referred?

A

Refer if there is:

  • Ulceration
  • Recurrent bleeding
  • Large facial haemangiomas
  • Significant areas - perioral, periocular etc.
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12
Q

What is the treatment for infantile haemangiomas by the specialist?

A
  • Propranolol is first line. (2 to 3 times daily until the child is 12-15 months)
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13
Q

What is this?

A

A port wine stain

It is the most common type of vascular malformation.

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14
Q

In which condition do port wine stains occur and when should you refer?

A

Sturge-Weber Syndrome

10% of neonates with SWS will have a port wine stain.

Refer all port wine stains involving the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve due to risks of eye abnormalities.

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15
Q

Name the 6 common skin tumours in children.

A
  1. Naevus Sebaceous
  2. Becker’s Naevus
  3. Epidermal Naevus
  4. Epidermal Naevus syndrome
  5. Pilomatricoma
  6. Juvenile Xanthogranuloma (JXG)
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16
Q

What is this?

A

A Naevus Sebaceous

10-15% become cancer (Usually BCC)

Excise when in teenage years if possible.

17
Q

What is this and how is it treated?

A

Becker’s Naevus

IPL and Lasers to reduce pigmentation.

18
Q

What condition is this?

A

Epidermal Naevus Syndrome

19
Q

What 2 other syndromes can Epidermal Naevus Syndrome be associated with?

A
  • CHILD syndrome (females, hemidysplasia, limb defects, ichthyosiform naevus)
  • Proteus syndrome (overgrowth of tissues in skin, fat, blood vessels, kidneys, lungs and other organs)
20
Q

What is this?

A

Pilomatricoma

Benign bluish hard nodule of calcium deposits.

21
Q

What is this?

A

Juvenile Xanthogranuloma (JXG)

Majority flatten in 3-5 year

22
Q

What is this and in what condition is it seen?

A

Cafe au lait spot

Neurofibromatosis

23
Q

What are these?

A

Angiofibromas of Tuberous Sclerosis

24
Q

What is this?

A

Shagreen patch and an ash leaf macule

Both seen in Tuberous Sclerosis.

25
What is this?
Periungual Fibromas - seen in tuberous sclerosis
26
What is this and how do you treat it?
Tinea Capitis * 1st line Griseofulvin or oral terbinafine. * 1nd line Itraconazole. 1% of children will have residual scarring.
27
How do you treat scabies?
* **Permethrin** ceam inlcuding face and scalpe * Leave for 8 hours. * Repeat after 1 week. * Treat all family members.
28
What is this?
**Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome** Monomorphic papules on extensor surfaces. Usually clears in 8 weeks. Asociated with Hep B and other viral infections.
29
What is this and tell me about it?
Henoch Schonlein Purpura * IgA Vasculitis of the skin * 4-7 years old * Boys more than girls. * Associated with abdominal pain.
30
What is the most common complication of HSP?
Nephritis
31
What is this?
Mastocytoma (Mast cells go into the skin) * Occurs in the first **3 months oflife.** * Urticates on stroking (Darier's Sign)
32
What is this and how is it treated?
**Urticaria Pigmentosa** * The most common form of mastocytosis. * Develops between 3-9 months. * Darier's sign positive. * 50% of cases resolve by adolescence.
33
How is urticaria Pigmentosa treated?
Antihistamines (Although rarely patients can collapse due to systemic histamine release)
34
What can precipiate urticaria pigmentosa?
* Aspirin * Opiates * D-tubocurarine * Iodine-containing radiological dyes * Bee stings * Shellfish
35