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Sport Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s personality ?

A

Sum of an individuals characteristics which make them unique

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2
Q

What’re the 4 personality theories ?

A

Trait theory
Social learning theory
Interactions theory
Biological theory

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3
Q

What is trait theory ? (Personality)

A

Proposed by EYSENCK
- personality is inherited and all behaviour is innate and consistent
- doesn’t take into account adapting behaviour to environment

2 dimensions:
- introvert / extrovert
- stable / neurotic

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of an introvert? (Personality)

A

Quite and reserved
Prefer individual sports
Avoid high arousal scenarios

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5
Q

What’re the characteristics of an extrovert ? (Personality)

A

Sociable and outgoing
Prefer team sports
Prefer high arousal scenarios

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6
Q

What’re the characteristics of neurotic personality ?

A

Unpredictable moods
Make irrational decisions
Can’t handle pressure
Low emotional control

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7
Q

What’re the characteristics of a stable personality ?

A

Predictable moods
Make rational decisions
Can handle pressure

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8
Q

What is a type a personality ?

A

Highly competitive
Desire to succeed
Need to be in control
Prone to stress

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9
Q

What’s a type b personality ?

A

Non competitive
Lack of desire to succeed
Doesn’t enjoy control
Less prone to stress

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10
Q

What is social learning theory? (Personality)

A

Proposed by Bandura

Personality is learned though environmental experience and the influence of others

Doesn’t take into a count trait theory and things observed aren’t always positive

Link to DARMMM

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11
Q

What’s the interactionist approach ? (Personality)

A

Created by LEWIN and HOLLANDER
Belive nature not nurture alone can fully explain behaviour and that instead they interact with one another

Personality is combo of inherited traits and person leaned experience of a situation

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12
Q

What did Hollander use concentric ring theory for ? (Personality)

A

To explain interactionist theory

Inner ring: is psychological core ‘the real you’ remains constant and stable

Middle ring: typical responses, usual way we respond to environment, learned and stored experiences, response may reflect natural core

Outer ring: role related behaviour, can change at any time, determined by our perspective of environment

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13
Q

What’s the biological approach ? (Personality)

A
  • Proposed by Sheldon
  • Sate personality is categorised into 3 personalities based on physical makeup
  • personality demonstrated based on physical attributes and relationship between build and behaviour

3 categories:
Endomorph
Ectomorph
Mesomorph

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14
Q

Characteristics of endomorph: (personality)

A

Wide hips
Narrow shoulders
Quite a lot of fat spread around body sociable
Fun loving
Relaxed
Even tempered

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15
Q

Characteristic of mesomorph: (personality)

A

Broad shoulders
Narrow waist
Muscular body
Very little body fat
Adventurous
Courageous
Assertive
Extroverted

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16
Q

Characteristics of ectomorph: (personality)

A

Narrow shoulders and hips
Thin, narrow chest and abdomen
Very little body fat
Self conscious
Introverted
Socially anxious
Thoughtful

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17
Q

What’re the 3 personality profiling methods ?

A

Interviews
Questionnaire
Coach observation

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18
Q

What’re the ads and disads of interviews ? (Personality)

A

ADS:
- allow for in depth response: deeper insight to how they feel, think
- build rapport making athlete comfortable so give more honest answers
- allow for follow up questions if answer is unclear to get better understanding

DISADS:
- time consuming
- subjective interpretation
- requires a good interviewer
- lack of standardisation
-

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19
Q

What’re the ads and disads of questionnaires ? (Personality)

A

ADS:
- standardised and objective
- quick and cost effective
- data is quantifiable
- anonymous responses lead to more honest answers

DISADS:
- lack detail in answer
- ppt may misinterpret questions
- show social desirability bias
- fixed response may not reflect their true feelings

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20
Q

What’re the ads and disads of coaches observation ? (Personality)

A

ADS:
- athlete show more natural behaviour
- can observe for long period of time to get an overall picture
- observation occur in real life game situations so data is more relevant

DISADS:
- subjective and bias
- time consuming
- may miss internal traits

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21
Q

What is the profile of mood states ? (Personality)

A
  • Questionnaire developed by McNair, Lord and Dropplemen (1971)
  • Measures 6 diff mood states
  • Helps identify an individuals overall emotional profile at specific time
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22
Q

What did Morgan and Johnson find ? (Personality)

A

Plotting elite performers mood state results before comp

Graph called ‘iceberg profile’
High vigour (peak)
Low tension, depression, anger and fatigue

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23
Q

What is attitude ?

A

Ideas charged with emotion which predisposes a class of actions to a particular social situation

It’s internal, unstable, learned, changed, controlled by athlete

Formed through experiences and attitudes of others around us

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24
Q

How do you form positive experiences amongst athletes ?

A

Provide success and achievement and reinforce motivation

Support and build a rapport with teammates and coaches

Growth and learning

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25
How do you form negative experiences amongst athletes ?
Failure and setbacks affect confidence levels Pressure and stress Conflict or adversity with coaches or teammates
26
What’re the components of attitude ?
Cognitive Affective Behaviour These make up the traidic model
27
What is involved in the cognitive component of attitude ?
Knowledge and beliefs from past experienced and what we’ve learnt from others
28
Whats involved in the affective component of attitude ?
Feelings and emotion depend on past experiences such as satisfaction, fear
29
What is involved in behaviour component of attitude ?
The intended behaviour
30
How can attitude be modified ?
By changing any component of the Triadic model Cognitive: update knowledge of giving someone new info can change this component Affective: providing someone with new and positive experiences can change this component Behavioural: success and reinforcement. If skill is simplified or guidance is used to make execution easier it can change this component
31
What is cognitive dissonance ?
State of mental discomfort were an individual has 2 views that’re opposite and conflict with one another To reduce it one view needs to be reduced resulting in attitude change A mismatch in triadic model will cause C.D
32
Outline persuasive communication and what are the 4 factors that makes it effective:
Used to foster positive attitudes 1.Persuader needs to be an expert, trustworthy and understands recipient 2. Message is clear, unambiguous and balanced 3. Recipient is open for change 4. Situation they are put in will be safe and non threatening
33
What’s attitude object ?
The ppl, subject or situation towards which an attitude is formed
34
What’s prejudice ?
Predetermined view or opinion which may be unfairly biased
35
What’s stress in sport ?
Stimulus resulting in a positive or negative response to specific situation Produced physiological and psychological symptoms
36
What’s eustress ?
It’s positive form of stress and it gives feeling of fulfilment and arousal which can increase focus, attention and skill level
37
What’s distress ?
Negative form of stress which can cause anxiety and apprehension
38
What is meant by cognitive effects of stress ?
How stress influences an athletes mental processes
39
What it meant by somatic effects of stress ?
How stress influences an athletes physical response
40
What are some somatic and cognitive effects of distress ?
SOMATIC: - increase heart rate - swearing - lncrease blood pressure - muscle tension COGNITIVE: - confusion - lack of concentration - irrational thoughts
41
What are the somatic and cognitive effects of eustress ?
SOMATIC: - increase adrenaline - improve reaction time - controlled breathing - reduction in HR - rescue breathing rate COGNITIVE: - heightened focus - quick decision making - rational thoughts - increase motivation
42
What are stressors ?
Something that initiates stress and could be any perceived demands placed on the performer that initiate stress
43
Give examples of internal and external stressors:
EXTERNAL: - competition pressure - audience presence - time constraints - environmental condition - media INTERNAL: - fear of failure - low confidence - fatigue - high arousal levels - injury concerns
44
What did McGrath (1970) suggest ? (Stress and anxiety)
Athletes go through 4 stages of when placed in stressful situation 1. Environmental Demands (high or low pressure situation) 2. Perception of environmental demands (is it a threat or a challenge) 3. Stress response (cognitive and somatic responses, eustress or distress) 4. Actual behaviour (impaired or enhanced performance)
45
What’s anxiety ?
Negative aspect of stress which includes irrational thoughts and fear of failure
46
What’re some cognitive and somatic responses to anxiety ?
COGNITIVE: - loss of concentration - feelings of apprehension - inability to cope - narrowed attention - fear of failure SOMATIC: - sweating - increase muscle tension - feelings of nausea - increase HR - increase breathing rate
47
What’s trait, state and behavioural anxiety ?
TRAIT: react to all situations in an anxious way, perceive evrything as a threat even in non threatening situations STATE: temporary emotional reaction of someone in a specific situation they perceive as a threat BEHAVIOURAL: observational actions or responses to anxiety which can include: avoidance behaviour, fidgeting or pacing, withdrawal from social groups , reduced performance due to nerves
48
How does anxiety leading up to event change ?
1. Cognitive state anxiety increases slowly days before prior to event 2. C.S.A changes during comp due to success or failure 3. Somatic state anxiety low before comp and increase rapidly when it approaches 4. S.S.A decreases after comp Performers expectancy of succes will make cognitive state anxiety fluctuate
49
What’s the relationship between somatic and cognitive anxiety ?
If both are high then catastrophe will occur and performance will decrease drastically
50
What’re some measurements of anxiety ?
Questionnaires: - Marten’s Sport Competitive Anxiety Test (SCAT): measures emotional and physical response to stress in comp situations - Speilberger’s State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI): measures emotional and physical response to stress and general situations
51
How can inappropriate goal setting affect stress / anxiety ?
1. Overemphasis on outcome goals increases anxiety if they aren’t reached 2. Unrealistic goals increase anxiety 3. Time to achieve goals is unrealistic increases anxiety 4. Too many goals set overwhelms performer 5. Goals that don’t offer personal relevance, performer lack control of goals increases anxiety
52
What’re some cognitive stress management techniques?
Imagery: method of relaxing and creating mental images to escape from immediate effects of stress Visualisation: process of creating mental images of what you want to happen in performance, diverts attention away from stress Attention control: maintain focus on relevant cues distracts from anxiety Positive self talk Focus on goals
53
What’re some somatic stress management techniques ?
Biofeedback: info abt changes in psychological variations help performer control them. HR monitors, blood pressure monitors etc Progressive muscular relaxation: used to reduce muscle tension by progressively relaxing and contracting muscles combined with rhythmical breathing Deep breathing: diaphragms breathing/ box technique encourages full O2 exchange which reduces HR and BP, cantering is refocusing concentration
54
What’s arousal ?
State of alertness and anticipation that prepares body for action both physiologically and psychologically
55
What’s the reticular activating system ?
Controls level of arousal (from deep sleep to intense excitement) therefore controls level of readiness and can determine an athletes drive to perform Part of the brain
56
How does personality link to reticular activating system ?
Introverts have highly activated RAS so avoid stressful situations Extroverts need higher arousal situations to stimulate RAS
57
What’re the effects of arousal ?
Negative effects: overaroused = distress = decrease in sport performance Positive effects: optimum arousal = eustress = increase sport performance
58
What’re the 4 theories of arousal ?
Drive theory Inverted U theory Catastrophe theory Zone of optimal functioning
59
What’s drive theory ?
- Suggest as arousal and motivation so does performance - Linear graph - theory is too simplistic to suggest that high arousal = high performance - Dominant response: the habitual response that’s thought to be correct by performer - Cognitive performers: D.R most likely to be underdeveloped and of poor level - Autonomous performers: D.R likely developed and of high level
60
What’s the inverted u theory ?
As arousal increases so does performance until optimum arousal level has been reached around moderate. Increase arousal after this = gradual decrease in performance
61
What does optimum arousal depend on ?
Characteristic of skill Level of performer Personality
62
What’s catastrophe theory ?
As arousal increase so does performance until reach optimum arousal then increase arousal after this performance drastically collapses due to combo of somatic and cognitive anxiety Stress management techniques can help individuals rejoin upwards curve and maintain performance
63
What is zone of optimal functioning ?
Performers have an optimal zone where optimum performance occurs and it can be diff to each athlete and they can use all their experience and techniques to reach optimum zone
64
What’s a zone ?
Metal state in which athletes believe they can perform at their peak level Everything’s ‘flows’ effortlessly Involves heightened focus
65
What is peak flow ?
Mental state where performer is fully immersed in activity, experiencing optimal performance There’s a sense of effortlessness, total focus, heightened attention, fluency and consistency
66
What can disrupt peak flow ?
Mental prep prior to comp Lack of motivation Increase doubt in one’s ability Lack of anticipation Environmental influences (crowd, weather) Physiological factors (fatigue, injury)
67
What’s intrinsic motivation ?
How an athlete engages in activity because it’s inherently satisfying or enjoyable. Athlete driven by internal desires/interests to experience sense of environment
68
What’s extrinsic motivation ?
How an athlete engages in an activity to attain external reward, recognition or to avoid punishment Individuals are motivated by external factors such as money, trophies (tangible rewards) or praise (intangible reward)
69
What is the self determination theory ?
Intrinsic motivation is superior than extension motivation as it fosters genuine passion and self driven commitment leading to long lasting engagement and satisfaction. Whilst extrinsic motivation relies on external rewards which may not always be present
70
What’re problems with using only tangible rewards to motivate ?
1. Removal of them = demotivation 2. Too many rewards can reduce value of them = demotivation or increase pressure to achieve them all 3. Risk of cheating (deviant behaviour) can develop so decrease in sportsmanship 4. Undermines intrinsic motivation = decrease in LT commitment and satisfaction .
71
How to increase motivation in general ?
1.Allow success in training (give performer self efficacy) 2. Appropriate use of goal settings (SMART) 3. Use of external rewards 4. Use of role models 5. Make session fun, enjoyable and varied 6. Use praise and laotibe feedback 7. Avoid using punishment 8. Emphasise personal improvement
72
How to increase intrinsic motivation ?
1.Make training fun and enjoyable 2. Set process goals 3. Install sense of self worth through success 4. Give appropriate negative feedback to make performer resilient 5. Give performer sense of self control and pride in difficult situations
73
Who produced the idea of achievement motivation ?
McClelland et al (1953) and Atkinson (1964)
74
What is achievement motivation ?
Individuals desire and drive to strive / persist for success when faced with a challenge Equation: motive to achieve - motive to avoid failure
75
What did Mclelland and Atkinson state ?
In any challenging situation everyone has a need to achieve and a need to avoid failure and which ever is stronger will determine whether the task is accepted or declined
76
What type of behaviour do NACH and NAF have ?
NACH = approach behaviour (high achievers) NAF = avoidance behaviour (low achievers)
77
What’re the characteristics of a NACH performer ?
1. Seek challenges 2. Take risks 3. Persist at task longer 4. Value feedback 5. Take responsibility into own hands 6. Enjoys being tested / evaluated situations 7. Optimistic 8. Success is attributed internally and failure is attributed as externally
78
What’re characteristics of NAF performer ?
1. Avoid challenges 2. Avoid risk / 50-50 situations 3. Give up easily 4. Doesn’t like feedback 5. Dislikes being tested 6. Avoid personal responsibility 7. Pessimistic 8. Low confidence 9. Success attributed externally, failure attributed internally
79
What determines NACH or NAF ?
1. Importance of task 2. Personality types 3. Confidence 4. Previous success and possibility of future success 5. Stage of leaner 6. Completing trait anxiety levels
80
How can a coach adopt a NACH performer ?
1. Reduce punishment, reinforce accepted behaviour 2. Gradually increase task difficulty to allow for early success 3. Set realistic goals 4. Encourage attribution of success to internal factors 5. Provide positive childhood experiences to encourage feelings of pride and satisfaction
81
What’re the three components of competitiveness ?
1. Competitiveness: working towards success in sport specific situation 2. Win orientation: working towards win comp between individual/sporting event 3. Goal orientation: desire to reach personal goals
82
What does Gill (1986) define competitiveness as ?
Sport specific form of achievement motivation
83
What is self confidence?
Generic confidence in all situations.
84
What’s self efficacy ?
Confidence in specific situations
85
Why do we goal set ?
1. Increase intrinsic motivation 2. Increase confidence and self esteem. 3. Can help reduce anxiety 4. Increase focus and concentration 5. Give performer accountability/responsibility
86
What’s goal setting ?
Mental training technique used to increase individuals commitment towards achieving a personal goal
87
What’re the three types of goals ?
Outcome oriented Performance orientated Process orientated
88
What’re outcome goals ?
Concerned abt end result of lengthy period (long term) of work
89
What’re performance goals ?
Stepping stones to achieve outcome goals Focus on athletes’ personal improvement and achievements in specific area of performance
90
What’s a process goal ?
Focus on technique, strategies or actions that’ll improve performance Helps work toward achieving performance goals
91
What’re the pros and cons of process and outcome goals ?
1. Outcome goals can facilitate short term motivation 2. Outcome goals before or during comp can cause anxiety and distract performer 3. Process and performance goals rely less on level of opponent 4. Process and performance goals can have precise adjustments 5. Focuse to much in goals reduces intrinsic motivation 6. Good habits can drop once goals have been achieved
92
What’re the characteristics of goal setting ?
SMART
93
What does S stand for in SMART goals ?
Specific: goal should be clear and well defined and focus on particular aspect of performance
94
What does M stand for in SMART goals ?
Measurable: Gail should have quantifiable criteria to track progress
95
What does A stand for in SMART goals ?
Agreed: goal should be discussed with coach or team to ensure commitment and support
96
What does R stand for in SMART goals ?
Realistic: goal should be challenging but achievable based on athletes ability, resources and time available
97
What does T stand for in SMART goals ?
Time-bound: Goal should have deadline to create urgency and maintain focus

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