Stroke Prevention Flashcards
(27 cards)
What percentage of strokes are ischaemic?
80%–85%.
What percentage of strokes are intracerebral haemorrhage?
10%–20%, but responsible for ~50% of stroke-related disability and mortality.
What is primary prevention in stroke care?
Avoiding disease through lifestyle interventions and targeting at-risk individuals.
What is secondary prevention in stroke care?
Early detection, screening, and treatment of subclinical disease.
What is tertiary prevention in stroke care?
Reducing the severity, effects, and recurrence of disease.
Name three barriers to effective stroke prevention.
Socioeconomic status, social deprivation, and perceived discrimination from healthcare.
Why might people avoid primary prevention measures?
Perceived lack of benefit.
Name four non-modifiable stroke risk factors.
Age, gender, race/ethnicity, genetics.
Name four modifiable stroke risk factors.
Hypertension, diabetes, smoking, atrial fibrillation
What are the main types of ischaemic stroke mechanisms?
Thrombosis/embolism due to atherosclerosis, cardiac embolism, small vessel occlusion, other or unknown causes.
What are common causes of haemorrhagic stroke?
AV malformation, aneurysms, severe hypertension, clotting disorders.
What is ‘elevated BP’?
Systolic 120–139 mmHg or diastolic 70–89 mmHg.
What BP level defines hypertension?
≥140/90 mmHg.
How much can stroke risk decrease with every 7.5 mmHg drop in BP?
50% risk reduction.
What proportion of hypertensive patients have other CV risk factors?
More than 50%.
Name three common co-existing CV risk factors.
Diabetes, dyslipidaemia, obesity.
How does diabetes affect stroke risk?
Increases risk by 2–4 times.
What percentage of stroke patients aged 35–44 have diabetes?
76%.
What are two glucose-lowering drug classes with cardiovascular benefit?
SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists.
How much does AF increase stroke risk?
5× (non-rheumatic), up to 17× (with rheumatic heart disease)
What percentage of untreated AF patients will have a stroke?
35%.
What is the stroke risk reduction in >75s with anticoagulation?
From 12%/year to 2–4%/year.
What is the major benefit of NOACs over warfarin?
52% reduction in intracranial haemorrhage.
Name four classes of lipid-lowering agents.
Statins, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, bempedoic acid.
