Structure of DNA

Question 1

What is a virus?

Answer 1

A virus is simply DNA trapped in a protein capsule.

Question 2

What is a bacteriophage?

Answer 2

A bacteriophage is a virus
that attacks/infects bacteria.

Question 3

Viruses highjack a living cell’s ability to transcribe and translate in order to make many copies of itself, this causes cells to?

Answer 3

causing the cell to lyse and release

Question 4

Why are viruses not living things?

Answer 4

They lack the machinery of life as they can not reproduce on their own.

Question 5

The monomer of DNA is a

Answer 5

nucleotide.

Question 6

A nucleotide consists of

Answer 6

Phosphate group
Deoxyribose (a sugar)
Nitogenous base

Question 7

The phosphate group is attached to
the _’ carbon.

A hydroxyl group (-OH) is attached
to the _’ carbon.

Answer 7

5,3

Question 8

Nucleotides join together by what reaction

Answer 8

Condensation or dehydration synthesis.

Question 9

There are ___ strands of DNA in a
DNA molecule.

Answer 9

two

Question 10

The sides of the molecule consist of alternating sugar and phosphate, which is called..

Answer 10

sugar backbone

Question 11

The center of the molecule contains the

Answer 11

nitrogenous bases.

Question 12

Purine is two ring, which contains..

Answer 12

Adenine(A) and Guanine (G)

Question 13

Pyrimidines are one rings, and contains

Answer 13

Thymine (T) and Cytosine ( C ) and uracil

Question 14

Adenine + Thymine, how many hydrogen bonds?

Answer 14

2

Question 15

Guanine + Cyotosine, how many hydrogen bonds?

Answer 15

3

Question 16

What is Anti-parallel?

Answer 16

The sugar phosphate backbones of DNA run in opposite
directions

One side runs 5’ to 3’

The other side runs 3’ to 5’

Question 17

Each DNA molecule makes up a

Answer 17

chromosome

Question 18

What is a chromosome

Answer 18

A strand of DNA

Question 19

Each cell in our body contains __ pairs of chromosomes = __ in total.

Answer 19

23, 46

Question 20

Each chromosome contains many

Answer 20

genes

Question 21

What is a gene

Answer 21

A sequence of nitrogenous bases which code for a trait.

Question 22

A DNA molecule contains many genes.
Each gene has a _________ _________ of bases.

Answer 22

unique sequence

Question 23

What is Prokaryotic?

Answer 23

organism that lacks a nucleus, and membrane bound organelles and is always single celled (all bacteria, some protists (algae), some fungi (yeast))

Question 24

What is eukaryotic?

Answer 24

organism that has a nucleus and is usually multicellular, has membrane organelles (protists, fungi, plants, animals)

Question 25

Prokaryotic organisms do not have a nucleus, therefore the DNA is kept in a separate area of the cell called the

Answer 25

Nucleoid

Question 26

Prokaryotic DNA is ______ stranded and __________.

Answer 26

double, circular

Question 27

Prokaryotic DNA must be compacted ______ times to fit into a prokaryotic cell.

Answer 27

1000

Question 28

Plasmids use the bacterial cell’s machinery for ________ and can be used to transform nearby _____.

Answer 28

replication, cells

Question 29

How can plasmids be integrated into a bacteria's genome

Answer 29

chromosomal DNA

Question 30

What are episomes

Answer 30

Integrated form of plasmid with DNA

Question 31

How does the DNA get compacted so much?

Answer 31

Specialized proteins help fold the DNA into loop like structures. This compacts the DNA 10 times.

Question 32

After the folding, additional compaction is completed by a process called supercoiling. What is supercoiling?

Answer 32

. Supercoiling is simply twisting the DNA.

Question 33

Most of prokaryotic DNA codes for either a protein or a.....

Answer 33

regulatory sequence

Question 34

What is Regulatory Sequence?

Answer 34

are genes that control the turning on or off of other genes according to our needs.

Question 35

Eukaryotes have much more ____ (genome is larger) than Prokaryotes.

Answer 35

DNA

Question 36

DNA is located in the ______ of the cell and never leaves.

Answer 36

nucleus

Question 37

DNA is in linear chromosomes, ____________ also has its own DNA

Answer 37

mitochondria

Question 38

Therefore compaction in ____________ is much more complicated than _______________

Answer 38

Eukaryotes, prokaryotes

Question 39

Eukaryotic DNA compaction is accomplished by using a ________ __ __________.

Answer 39

series of proteins.

Question 40

Nucleosomes are connected by ..

Answer 40

LINKER DNA

Question 41

Organisms that have similar structures share more of the same _____ that organisms that differ greatly.

Answer 41

genes

Question 42

Most Eukaryotes are _______ (have two copies of each gene), some are _______ (ferns, algae), and some are ______ (specially bred)

Answer 42

diploid, haploid, triploid

Question 43

Completely uncompacted DNA is called __________ in Eukaryotes

Answer 43

Chromatin

Question 44

The hereditary molecule must meet what following criteria?

Answer 44

1) Had to contain information to make enzymes and other proteins 2) Had to have the ability to duplicate itself without many errors 3) Had to have the flexibility to permit a few random mutations to increase variation within a population

Question 45

What is prokaryotic DNA

Answer 45

- double stranded - Circular and small - Has a single origin for DNA replication -Located in the cytoplasm (nucleoid)

Question 46

What is eukaryotic DNA?

Answer 46

-Linear and larger -Double stranded -Located in the nucleus -Has multiple origins for DNA replication

Question 47

Similarities between prokaryotic DNA and eukaryotic DNA?

Answer 47

-Both double stranded -Both use the same genetic code (A,T,C,G)