Test 1 Flashcards
(260 cards)
1
Q
A protein molecule or protein assembly permanently attached in biological membrane
A
Integral Protein
2
Q
Substances that donate protons
A
Acid
3
Q
A solution that has a lower concentration of hydroxide ions that hydrogen ions; a pH between 7 and 0
A
Acidic Solution
4
Q
The minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction
A
Activation Engery
5
Q
A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction
A
Active Site
6
Q
A compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue. The breakage of one phosphate linkage (to form adenosine diphosphate, ADP ) provides energy for physiological processes such as muscular contraction.
A
Adenosine Diphosphate
7
Q
A compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue. The breakage of one phosphate linkage (to form adenosine diphosphate, ADP ) provides energy for physiological processes such as muscular contraction.
A
Adenosine Triphosphate
8
Q
A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group
A
Amino Acid
9
Q
The energy requiring process of building larger molecules from smaller ones
A
Anabolism
10
Q
A position of the body universally used in anatomical descriptions in which the body is erect, the head is level, the eyes face forward, the upper limbs are at the sides, the palms face forward, and the feet are flat on the floor
A
Anatomical Position
11
Q
ana- = up -tomy = process of cutting
The science of body structures and the realtionships among them.
First studied by dissection.
A
Anatomy
12
Q
Negatively charged ion
A
Anion
13
Q
Unit of matter that makes up a chemical element; consists of a nucleus and negatively charged electrons that orbit the nucleus
A
Atom
14
Q
The mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units. It is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom
A
Atomic Mass
15
Q
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table.
A
Atomic Number
16
Q
A process of examining a patient by listening to a patient, often with a stethoscope
A
Ausculation
17
Q
A forensic study to determine cause of death
A
Autopsy
18
Q
Substances that accept protons from acids
A
Base
19
Q
A solution that has a higher concentration of hydroxide ions that hydrogen ions; a pH between 7 and 14
A
Basic/Alkaline Solution
20
Q
The smallest blood vessels in the body. The thin walls allow for easy exchange of materials.
A
Blood Capillaries
21
Q
A solution that resists a change in pH when acids or bases are added
A
Buffer System
22
Q
A large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and typically can be broken down to release energy in the animal body
A
Carbohydrate
23
Q
System that delivers nutrients and removes waste from cells
A
Cardiovascular System
24
Q
The process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones
A
Catabolism
25
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change
_Catalyst_
26
Positively charged ion
_Cation_
27
The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; the smallest structure capable of performing all activities vital to life
_Cell_
28
The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; the smallest structure capable of performing all activities vital to life
Cell
29
An insoluble substance that is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers
_Cellulose_
30
A part or aspect of something abstract, especially one that is essential or characteristic
_Chemical Element_
31
A process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as opposed to a change in physical form or a nuclear reaction
_Chemical Reaction_
32
A code for achemical element
_Chemical Symbol_
33
The science of the structure and interactions of matter
_Chemistry_
34
A compound of the sterol type found in most body tissues, including the blood and the nerves
_Cholesterol_
35
A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
_Chromosome_
36
A substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together
_Compound_
37
Radiography in which a three-dimensional image of a body structure is constructed by computer from a series of plane cross-sectional images made along an axis
_Computed Tomography_
38
The measure of the amount of a sub-component (especially solute) in a solution
_Concentration_
39
Function of the Nucleus of a cell; also relates to the nervous system
_Control Center_
40
A body factor that is continually monitored by receptors
_Controlled Condition_
41
Single high intensity burst of x-rays passed through body and recorded on film
_Conventional Radiography/X-Ray_
42
A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
_Covalent Bond_
43
The branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of plant and animal cells
_Cytology_
44
The microscopic study of cells
_Cytology_
45
Cytosol pulls all organelles except the nucelus
_Cytoplasm_
46
Semifluid portion of cytoplasm in which organelles and inclusions are suspended and solutes are dissolved.
Also called intracellular fluid
_Cytosol_
47
To put together while losing water
_Dehydration Synthesis_
48
The alteration of a protein shape through some form of external stress, in such a way that it will no longer be able to carry out its cellular function
_Denaturation_
49
Scientific process of determining one disease from another using observations
_Diagnosis_
50
The process of cells to become specialized for a specific function
_Diffetentiation_
51
System which breaks down nutrients into molecules that can be used and eliminating waste that can't be used
_Digestive System_
52
A peptide composed of two amino-acid residues
_Dipeptide_
53
Any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues
_Disaccharide_
54
Any change from a state of health
_Disease_
55
A self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information
_DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)_
56
The analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues or fluids in order to identify individuals
_DNA Fingerprinting_
57
A pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule.
_Double Helix_
58
Body organ that is innervated by somatic or autonomic motor neurons
_Effector_
59
The ionized or ionizable constituents of a living cell, blood, or other organic matter
_Electrolyte_
60
The study of development from the fertilized egg to the end of the eighth week of development
_Embryology_
61
Requiring the absorption of energy, the products being of greater free energy than the reactants
_Endergonic_
62
System that releases hormones as needed for growth, development, regulation of bodily chemicals
_Endocrine System_
63
The study of growth and development and hormones
_Endocrinology_
64
A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
_Enzyme_
65
The study of diseases
_Epidemiology_
66
Producing energy and therefore occurring spontaneously
_Exergonic_
67
Fluid found outside a cell
_Extracellular Fluid_
68
A carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group, especially any of those occurring as esters in fats and oils
_Fatty Acid_
69
Contrast medium is followed thourgh the digestive tract, urinary tract, or circulation by evaluating constant x-ray irradiation through the body and recorded on a screen
_Fluoroscopy_
70
The study of genes and heredity
_Genetics_
71
Consists of a propane molecule attached to three hydroxyl (OH) groups
_Glycerol_
72
A substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide that forms glucose on hydrolysis
_Glycogen_
73
Microscopic study of the structure of tissues
_Histology_
74
The body's way of keeping an internal balance
_Homeostasis_
75
A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other
_Hydrogen Bond_
76
Ionized hydrogen of the form H +, found in aqueous solutions of allacids.
_Hydrogen Ion_
77
The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water
_Hydrolysis_
78
Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water
Water loving
Hydrophilic
79
Tending to repel or fail to mix with water
Water fearing
_Hydrophobic_
80
The ion OH-, characteristic of basic hydroxides
_Hydroxide Ion_
81
The study of how the body fights disease and infection
_Immunology_
82
A compound that is considered not "organic"
_Inorganic Compound_
83
System of skin, tissues, nerves which protect the body from UV rays, harmful chemicals, and internal damage
_Integumentary System_
84
The outside of the cells inside the body of an organism
_Internal Environment_
85
ECF found between tissues
The extracellular fluid that fills the narrow spaces bewteen cells and tissues.
_Interstitial Fluid_
86
The fluid within cells
_Intracellular Fluid_
87
An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons
_Ion_
88
The electrostatic force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions
_Ionic Bond_
89
The process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes
_Ionization_
90
Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element
_Isotope_
91
The total energy of an isolated system remains constant—it is said to be conserved over time
_Law of Conservation of Energy_
92
Any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids.
_Lipid_
93
Any of a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma
_Lipoprotein_
94
An infectious or neoplastic process that originates in and is confined to one organ system or general area in the body, such as a sprained ankle, a boil on the hand, an abscess of finger
_Local Disease_
95
ECF of the lymphatic system
_Lymph_
96
System that fights infection, releases toxins via sweat ducts
_Lymphatic and Immune System_
97
A molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer
_Macromolecule_
98
A form of medical imaging that measures the response of the atomic nuclei of body tissues to high-frequency radio waves when placed in a strong magnetic field, and that produces images of the internal organs
_Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)_
99
Atom's sum of protons and neutrons
100
Anything that has mass and takes up space
_Matter_
101
It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. It contains the heart, the great vessels of the heart, esophagus, trachea, phrenic nerve, cardiac nerve, thoracic duct, thymus, and lymph nodes of the central chest
_Mediastinum_
102
A narrative or record of past events and circumstances that are or may be relevant to a patient's current state of health. Informally, an account of past diseases, injuries, treatments, and other strictly medical facts
_Medical History_
103
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body. Has two phases; catabolism and anabolism.
_Metabolism_
104
Any substance that has uniform and unchanging composition is considered to be pure
_Mixture_
105
A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction
_Molecule_
106
A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
_Monomer_
107
Any of the class of sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar
_Monosaccharide_
108
An organic compound, especially an oil or fatty acid, containing only one double or triple bond per molecule
_Monounsaturated Fats_
109
A membrane covering the viscera that is exposed to the exterior - includes the digestive system, respiratory system
_Mucous Membrane_
110
Composed of skeletal muscle tissue.
Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains postureand produces heat.
_Muscular System_
111
The changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes
_Mutation_
112
System of effectors that reverse a change caused by a stimulus
_Negative Feedback System_
113
System that monitors homeostasis within the body. Recognizes sensory stimulation such as temperatures or pain
_Nervous System_
114
A nitrogen containing molecule that has the same chemical properties as abase
_Nitrogenous Base_
115
A type of chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other
_Nonpolar Bond_
116
A complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain
_Nucleic Acid_
117
A compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group.
Forms the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA
_Nucleotide_
118
A spherical or oval organelle of a cell that contains the heredity factors of the cell, called gametes. A cluster of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system. The central part of an atom made up of protons and neutrons
_Nucleus_
119
A spherical or oval organelle of a cell that contains the heredity factors of the cell, called genes. A cluster of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system. The central part of an atom made up of protons and neutrons
_Nucleus_
120
Structure composed of two or more different tissues with a specific function
_Organ_
121
A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions
_Organ System_
122
A permanent structure within a cell with characteristic morphology that is specialized to serve a specific function in cellular activities
_Organelle_
123
Any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemicalcompounds whose molecules contain carbon
_Organic Compound_
124
A total living living form; one individual
_Organism_
125
A process of examining a patient by using hands to touch and feel in order to diagnose
_Palpation_
126
The study of structural changes caused by diseases
_Pathology_
127
A covalent chemical bond formed between two amino acid molecules
_Peptide Bond_
128
The act of striking on an underlying part of the body with short, sharp taps as an aid in diagnosing the part by the quality of the sound produced
_Percussion_
129
Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart
_Pericardium_
130
Double-layered membrane surrounding the abdominal organs
_Peritoneum_
131
A numeric scale used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution
_pH Scale_
132
The study of the effectiveness of drugs in the treatment of disease and illnesses
_Pharmacology_
133
A lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule
_Phospholipid_
134
A medical examination to determine a person's bodily fitness
_Physical Examination_
135
The science of body functions - how the body parts work
_Physiology_
136
Outer, limiting membrane that separates the cell's internal parts from extracellular fluid or the extrenal environment
_Plasma Membrane_
137
Serous membrane that covers the pleural cavity
_Pleura_
138
A type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms
_Polar Bond_
139
A substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together
_Polymer_
140
A linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule
_Polypeptide_
141
A carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together
_Polysaccharide_
142
Long-chain carbon compounds, especially fatty acids, having two or more double bonds between the carbon atoms
_Polyunsaturated Fat_
143
System of effectors that enhance and stimulate changes in a controlled condition
_Positive Feedback System_
144
An imaging test that helps reveal how your tissues and organs are functioning by using a radioactive drug
_Positron Emission Tomography (PET)_
145
The characteristic sequence of amino acids forming a protein or polypeptide chain, considered as the most basic element of its structure
_Primary Structure_
146
The substances that are formed during the chemicalchange
_Product_
147
A forecast of what can be expected from a specific disease or treatment
_Prognosis_
148
Any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies
_Protein_
149
The biomolecular structure of aprotein molecule
_Protein Structure_
150
A base, an anionic substance that acceptsa proton during an acid-basereaction
_Proton Acceptor_
151
Acids are substances that can donate H+ ions to bases
_Proton Donor_
152
The number and arrangement of multiple folded protein subunits in a multi-subunit complex
_Quaternary Structure_
153
A radioactive isotope
_Radioisotope_
154
A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction
_Reactant_
155
Specialized cell that responds to specific sensory stimulus and converts it to an electrical signal
_Receptor_
156
System by which gametes join to create a zygote which develops into living offspring
_Reproductive System_
157
System responsible for exchanging O2 and CO2 from the blood
_Respiratory System_
158
Any behavior of a living organism that results from anexternal or internal stimulus
_Response_
159
A nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins
_RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)_
160
Any lipid (fat) which contains no carbon-carbon double bonds
_Saturated Fat_
161
The local three-dimensional structure of sheets, helices, or other forms adopted by a polynucleotide or polypeptide chain, due to electrostatic attraction between neighboring residues
_Secondary Structure_
162
A membrane covering the viscera and cavities that are not exposed to the exterior
_Serous Membrane_
163
Can be observed or measured by a doctor in order to diagnose
_Sign_
164
Describes carbohydrates made of one or two molecules of sugar, while complex carbohydrates referred to carbohydrates made of three or more molecules of sugar attached together
_Simple Sugar_
165
System that provides structural support, organ protection and aids in posture
_Skeletal System_
166
The minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent
_Solute_
167
Consists of the dissolved material called the solute and the dissolving agent called the solvent
_Solution_
168
Able to dissolve other substances
_Solvent_
169
A substance which provides your body with energy
_Starch_
170
Cells that haven't undergone differentiation
_Stem Cells_
171
Any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms (three six-membered and one five). They include many hormones, alkaloids, and vitamins
_Steroid_
172
Anything that disrupts a controlled condition
_Stimulus_
173
A body's method of reacting to a challenge
_Stress_
174
The material or substance on which an enzyme acts
_Substrate_
175
A heterogeneous mixture in which solute-like particles settle out of a solvent-like phase some time after their introduction
_Suspension_
176
A description a patient might give to a doctor of how they feel. can't be observed or measured
_Symptom_
177
An infection that is in the bloodstream
_Systemic Disease_
178
The overall three-dimensional structure resulting from folding and covalent cross-linking of a protein or polynucleotide molecule
_Tertiary Structure_
179
A group of similar cells and their intercellular substance joined together to perform a specific function
_Tissue_
180
An ester formed from glycerol and three fatty acid groups. The main constituents of natural fats and oils, and high concentrations in the blood indicate an elevated risk of stroke
_Triglyceride_
181
High frequency sound waves directed into the body and their echoes are analyzed, and a computer recreates images.
_Ultrasound/Sonogram_
182
System that removes liquid waste and detoxifies the body of harmful substances
_Urinary System_
183
Pertaining to internal organs
_Viscera_
184
Pore-forming membrane proteins whose functions include establishing a resting membrane potential, shaping action potentials and other electrical signals by gating the flow of ionsacross the cell membrane, controlling the flow ofions across secretory and epithelial cells, and regulating cell volume
_Ion Channels/Pores_
185
Proteins bound to a nonprotein group; they can undergo oxidation and reduction relatively easily, thus allowing electrons to flow through the system
_Carrier Molecules_
186
The property of a membrane by which it permits the passage of certain substances but restricts the passage of others
_Selectively Permeable_
187
Process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area of higher number of particles to an area of lower number of particles
_Concentration Gradient_
188
A passive process in which there is a net or greater movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
_Diffusion_
189
The net movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration until equilibrium is reached
_Osmosis_
190
Two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the free movement of water across the membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side
_Isotonic_
191
Has lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid
_Hypotonic_
192
Having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid
_Hypertonic_
193
The process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins
Down the concentration gradient, requires no ATP, requires carrier molecules/channels/proteins/pores
_Facilitated Diffusion_
194
The movement of substances across cell membranes against a concentration gradient, requires ATP
_Active Transport_
195
The uptake into a cell of large molecules and particles by vesicles formed from the plasma membrane
_Endocytosis_
196
The process by which phagocytes ingest and destroy microbes, cell debris, and other foreign matter
_Phagocytosis_
197
The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane
_Pinocytosis_
198
Process in which membrane-enclosed secretory vesicles form inside the cell, fuse with the plasma membrane, and release their contents into the interstitial fluid; achieves secretion of materials from a cell
_Exocytosis_
199
Temporary protrusions of the leading edge of a migrating cell; cellular projections that surround a particle undergoing phagocytosis
_Pseudopods_
200
Complex integral structure of cytoplasm consisting of microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments
_Cytoskeleton_
201
A dense network of small protein fibers near the nucleus of a cell, containing a pair of centrioles and pericentriolar material
_Centrosome_
202
A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division
_Centriole_
203
A hair like process projecting from a cell that may be used to move the entire cell or to move substances along the surface of the cell
_Cilium_
204
Hairlike, motile processes on the extremity of a bacterium, protozan, or sperm cell
_Flagellum_
205
A cellular structure in the cytoplasm of cells, composed of a small subunit and a large subunit that contain ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins; the site of protein synthesis
_Ribosome_
206
A network of channels running through the cytoplasm of a cell that serves in intracellular transportation, support, storage, synthesis, and packaging molecules.
With ribosomes is the rough ER
Without ribosomes is the smooth ER
_Endoplasmic Reticulum_
207
An organelle in the cytoplasm of cells consisting of 4-6 flattened sacs, stacked on one another, with expanded areas at their ends.
Functions in processing, sorting, packaging, and delivering proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and scretory vesicles
_Golgi Complex_
208
An organelle in the cytoplasm of a cell, eclosed by a single membrane and containing powerful digestive enzymes
_Lysosome_
209
Organelle similar in structure to a lysosome that contains enzymes that use molecular oxygen to oxidize various organic compounds; such reactions produce hydrogen peroxied; abundant in liver cells
_Peroxisome_
210
A double-membraned organelle that plays a central role in the production of ATP, known as the "power-house" of the cell
_Mitochondrion_
211
The double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells
_Nuclear Envelope_
212
A protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
_Nuclear Pore_
213
A small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase
_Nucleolus_
214
Biological unit of heredity; a segment of DNA located in a definite position on a particular chromosome; a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA
_Gene_
215
The threadlike mass of genetic material, consisting of DNA and histone proteins, that is present in the nucleus of a nondiving or interphase cell
_Chromatin_
216
The complete set of genes of an organism
_Genome_
217
One of a pair identical connected nucleoprotein strands that are joined at the centromere and separate during cell division, each becoming a chromosome of one of the two daughter cells
_Chromatid_
218
The process of copying the information represented by the sequence of base triplets in DNA into a complementary sequence of codons
_Transcription_
219
A sequence of three bases in DNA or RNA which together code for an amino acid or some other signal in protein synthesis
_Base Triplet_
220
A sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
_Codon_
221
A sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA
_Anticodon_
222
Process in which the nucleotides sequence in an mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
_Translation_
223
DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms
_Recombinant DNA_
224
The deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material
_Genetic Engineering_
225
The orderly division of the nucleus of a cell that ensures that each new nucleus has the same number and kind of chromosomes as the original nucleus. The process includes the replication of chromosomes and the distribution of the two sets of chromosomes into 2 separate and equal nuclei
_Mitosis_
226
Distribution of the cytoplasm into 2 separate cells during cell division; coordinated with nuclear division
_Cytokinesis_
227
A type of cell division that occurs during production of gametes, involving 2 successive nuclear divisions that result in cells with the haploid number of chromosomes
_Meiosis_
228
(of organs) similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin but not necessarily in function
(of chromosomes) pairing at meiosis and having the same structural features and pattern of genes
_Homologous_
229
A male or female reproductive cell; a sperm cell or secondary oocyte
_Gamete_
230
The female reproductive or germ cell; arises through completion of meiosis in a secondary oocyte after penetration by a sperm
_Ovum_
231
A mature male gamete
_Sperm_
232
The single cell resulting from the union of male and female gametes; the fertilized ovum
_Zygote_
233
Penetration of a secondary oocyte by a sperm cell, meiotic division of secondary oocyte to form an ovum, and subsequent union of the nuclei of the gametes
_Fertilization_
234
Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
_Diploid_
235
Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
_Haploid_
236
A pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule
_Double Helix_
237
The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid
_Glycolysis_
238
A yellowish organic acid that occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic processes, especially glycolysis
_Pyruvic Acid_
239
A type of respiration that does not use oxygen
_Anaerobic Respiration_
240
The chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat
_Fermentation_
241
A colorless syrupy organic acid formed in sour milk and produced in the muscle tissues during strenuous exercise
_Lactic Acid_
242
The process most living things undergo to use food energy
_Aerobic Respiration_
243
The sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP
_Krebs Cycle_
244
A series of compounds that transfer electrons fromelectron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane
_Electron Transport Chain_
245
The study of tumors
_Oncology_
246
A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled or abnormal cell division
_Cancer_
247
A swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant
_Tumor_
248
A new growth that may be benign or malignant
_Neoplasm_
249
Very virulent or infectious
_Malignant_
250
The spread of cancer to surrounding tissue or to other body sites
_Metastasis_
251
Not harmful in effect: in particular, (of a tumor) not malignant
_Benign_
252
The formation of blood vessels in the extraembryonic mesoderm of the yolk sac, connecting stalk, and chorion at the beginning of the third week of development
_Angiogenesis_
253
A substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue
_Carcinogen_
254
An agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, that causes genetic mutation
_Mutagen_
255
Cancer causing gene; it derives from a normal gene, termed a protooncogene, that encodes proteins involved in cell growth or cell regulation but has the ability to transform a normal cell into a cancerous cell when it's mutated or inappropriately activated
_Oncogene_
256
Any virus capable of inducing tumors
_Oncogenic Virus_
257
The enlargement of an organ or tissue by the proliferation of cells of an abnormal type, as a developmental disorder or an early stage in the development of cancer
_Dysplasia_
258
A substance present in or produced by a tumor or by the host, that can be used for differentiating neoplastic from normal tissue based on measurements in body fluids, secretions, cells, and/or tissues
259
A malignant tumor of connective or other nonepithelial tissue
_Sarcoma_
260
A cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs
_Carcinoma_
