Test 3: Chapter 10 Flashcards by Renee Lenz

Tissue of the skeletal muscle, composed of striated muscle fibers(cells); supported by connective tissue, attached to a bone by a tendon or an aponeurosis, and stimulated by somatic motor neurons

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

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Striated muscle fibers (cells) that form the wall of the heart; stimulated by an intrinsic conduction system and autonomic motor neurons

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

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A tissue specialized for contraction, composed of smooth muscle fibers (cells), located in the walls of hollow internal organs, and innervated by autonomic motor neurons

Smooth Muscle Tissue

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The ability to repeatedly and rhythmically generate action potentials

Autorhythmicity

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The production of heat, especially in a human or animal body

Thermogenesis

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The lowermost layer of the skin in nearly all of the regions of the body, that blends with the reticular dermis layer

Superfical Fascia

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A layer of fibrous connective tissue which can surround individual muscles, and also divide groups of muscles into fascial compartments

Deep Fascia

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Fibrous connective tissue around muscles

Epimysium

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Invagination of the epimysium that divides muscles into bundles

Perimysium

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Letter D:

Bundle of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium

Muscle Fascicle

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Invagination of the perimysium separating each individual muscle fiber (cell)

Endomysium

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Letter C:

A muscle cell wrapped in endomysium

Myofiber

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A cylindrical multinucleate cell composed of myofibrils that contract when stimulated

Muscle Fiber/Cell

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A white fibrous cord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to boen

Tendon

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A sheetlike tendon joining one muscle with another or with bone

Aponeurosis

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14:

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber, especially of a skeletal muscle fiber

Sarcolemma

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Small, cylindrical invaginations of the sarcolemma of striated muscle fibers (cells) that conduct muscle action potentials toward the center of the muscle fiber

Transverse Tubule

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The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

Sarcoplasm

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The oxygen-binding, iron-containing protein present in the sarcoplasm of muscle fibers (cells); contributes the red color to muscle

Myoglobin

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Number 1:

Threadlike structures extending longitudinally through a muscle fiber (cell) consisting mainly of thick filaments (myosin) and thin filaments (actin, troponin, and tropomyosin)

Myofibrils

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Number 6:

A network of saccules and tubes surrounding myofibrils of a muscle fiber, comparable to endoplasmic reticulum; functions to reabsorb calcium ions during relaxation and to release them to cause contraction

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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Enlargement of skeletal muscle fibers in response to overcoming force from high volumes of tension

Muscular Hypertrophy

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Primarily made of a protein called actin, which assembles itself into a ladder-like scaffold during muscle contraction that the myosin filaments can then use to generate force

Thin Myofilament

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Made of several hundred myosin protein molecules, consists of a hinge and a double head which has an Actin binding site and an ATP binding site

Thick Myofilament

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Number 10: A contractile unit in a striated muscle fiber extending from one Z-disc to the next

_Sarcomere_

Letter A: Centers of the I band and the ends of the sarcomere

_Z-Discs (Lines)_

Letter D: The broad region of a sarcomere that corresponds to the length of the thick filaments

_A-Band_

Letter C: The region of the sarcomere made up only of thin filaments. Appears Light

_I-Band_

Letter B: The region at the center of an A band of a sarcomere that is made up of myosin only.

_H-Zone_

The contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers

_Myosin_

A contractile protein that is part of thin filaments in muscle fibers

_Actin_

In a relaxed muscle, this covers the myosin-binding sites and contains Ca++ binding sites. Prevents the attachment of the thick myofilaments, thus preventing contraction of the sarcomere

_Tropomosin-Troponin Complex_

Site within the helical strand of actin upon which the thick myofilaments will attach during a power stroke

_Myosin-Binding Site_

Myofilaments don't change in length Thick filaments slide by thin filaments, Z- lines come closer, Sarcomeres shorten, A-bands stays the same length, I-bands & H-zone diminish

_Sliding Filament Principle_

Structure formed by myosin head binding to the Actin binding site. Connects thick filaments and thin filaments during a contraction

_Cross Bridges_

Ion channel which displays selective permeability to calcium ions

_Calcium Ion Channels_

The mechanism of active transport of calcium (Ca2+) across a membrane, as of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells, against aconcentration gradient; the mechanism is driven by hydrolysis of ATP

_Calcium Ion Pump_

1. Myosin heads bind to actin to form cross bridges 2. ATP releases energy, bending the the thick filament heads and hinges 3. Actin and myosin move past each other 4. New ATP attaches to myosin releases cross bridge

_Power Stroke_

State of partial contraction of muscles after death due to lack of ATP; myosin heads (cross-bridges) remain attached to actin, thus proventing relaxation

_Rigor Mortis_

A synapse between the axon terminals of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber (cell)

_Neuromuscular Junction_

The functinoal junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector, such as a muscle or gland; may be electrical or chemical

_Synapse_

The narrow gap at a chemical synapse that separates the axon terminal of one neuron from another neuron or muscle fiber and across which a neurotransmitter diffuses to affect the postsynaptic cell

_Synaptic Cleft_

One of a variety of molecules within axon terminals that are released into the synaptic cleft in response to a nerve impulse and that change the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron

_Neurotransmitter_

The usually single, long process of a nerve cell that propogates a nerve impulse toward the axon terminals

_Axon_

A neurotransmitter liberated by many peripheral nervous system neurons and some central nervous system neurons. It is excitatory at neuromuscular junctions but inhibitory at some other synapses

_Acetylcholine_

Region of sarcolemma of a muscle fiber that includes acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, which bind ACh released by synaptic end bulbs of somatic motor neurons

_Motor End Plate_

A graphic representation of the electrical currents associated with muscular contraction, obtained by inserting electrodes into the muscle fibers

_Electromyogram_

A molecule that can be quickly broken apart to help produce ATP in muscle. "Muscle Battery"

_Creatine Phosphate_

Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic acid.

_Anaerobic Respiration_

Glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water the total oxidation allows for the maximum amount of energy to be released. (with oxygen)

_Aerobic Respiration_

Inability of a muscle to maintain its strength of contraction or tension; may be related to insufficient oxygen, depletion of glycogen, and/or lactic acid buildup

_Muscle Fatigue_

Produced in muscle cells from the reduction of pyruvate (under anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. A rise in this usually accompanies an increase in physical activity.

_Lactic Acid_

A result of intense exercise, low O2 levels available for aerobic respiration.

_Oxygen Debt_

A motor neuron together with the muscle fibers it stimulates

_Motor Unit_

A single quick, jerky muscular contraction from a single nerve impulse followed by relaxation.

_Twitch_

If a stimulus depolarizes a neuron to threshold, the neuron fires at its maximum voltage; if threshold is not reached, the neuron does not fire at all. Given above threshold, stronger stimuli do not produce stronger action potentials.

_All-or-None Principle_

The record or tracing produced by a myograph, an apparatus that measures and records the force of muscular contractions

_Myogram_

The period of time between the action potential moving through sarcolemma and the muscle contracts

_Latent Period_

During this time, calcium ions bind to troponin, myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed, and cross bridges form

_Contraction Period_

The time during which the muscle is returning to its original length

_Relaxtion Period_

A short rest period between action potentials

_Refractory Period_

A staircase phenomenon. If stimuli are repeated at regular time intervals, and the muscle has ample time to recover between stimuli, successive contractions show an increase in contraction force.

_Treppe_

When sequensial stimuli is received before the muscle fiber has relaxed, it creates a contraction that is stronger than the first

_Wave Summation_

Each stimulus causes a contraction to be initiated when the muscle has only partly relaxed from the previous contraction

_Unfused (Incomplete) Tetanus_

Stimuli to a particular muscle are repeated so rapidly that decrease of tension between stimuli cannot be detected.

_Fused (Complete) Tetanus_

A measure of how many motor neurons are activated in a particular muscle, and therefore is a measure of how many muscle fibers of that muscle are activated. The higher the recruitment, the stronger the muscle contraction will be

_Motor Unit Recruitment_

A sustained, partial contraction of portions of a skeletal or smooth muscle in response to activation of stretch receptors or a baseline level of action potentials in the innervating motor neurons

_Muscle Tone_

A type of muscular contraction where the tone (tension) of the muscle remains constant, but the length of the muscle changes (shortens).

_Isotonic Contraction_

Contraction in which a muscle shortens and pulls on a tendon to produce movement and to reduce the angle of a joint

_Concentric Isotonic Contraction_

Contraction in which a muscle lengthens. This occurs when lowering a book that you picked up to place it back on the table

_Eccentric Isotonic Contraction_

Training in which an athlete alternates between two activities, typically requiring different rates of speed, degrees of effort, etc.

_Interval Training_

A muscle in which small dark fibers predominate and in which myoglobinand mitochondria are abundant

_Red Muscle Fibers_

A muscle in which large pale fibers predominate and mitochondria andmyoglobin are sparse

_White Muscle Fibers_

Capable of prolonged, sustained contraction for many hours Generate ATP by aerobic cellular respiration

_Slow Oxidative Fibers_

Intermediate in diameter between the other two types of fibers. Generate ATP by anaerobic respiration. High proportion in muscles of arms and shoulders.

_Fast Oxidative Fibers_

Generate ATP by glycolysis Largest in diameter

_Fast Glycolytic Fibers_

Drugs that are structurally related to the cyclic steroid rings system and have similar effects to testosterone in the body

_Anabolic Steroids_

Striated muscle fibers that form the wall of the heart; stimulated by an intrinsic conduction system and autonomic motor neurons

_Cardiac Muscle Tissue_

An irregular transverse thickening of sarcolemma that contains desmosomes, which hold cardiac muscle fibers together, and gap junctions, which aid in conduction of muscle action potentials from one fiber to the next

_Intercalated Discs_

Specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types. They directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells

_Gap Junctions_

A tissue specialized for contraction, composed of smooth muscle fibers, located in the walls of hollow internal organs, and innervated by autonomic motor neurons

_Smooth Muscle Tissue_

The study of muscles

_Myology_

Weakness and fatigue of skeletal muscles caused by antibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors

_Myasthenia Gravis_

When muscles waste away. The main reason for muscle wasting is a lack of physical activity. This can happen when a disease or injury makes it difficult or impossible for you to move an arm or leg. You may have muscle loss if one of your limbs appears smaller (not shorter) than the other.

_Muscular Atrophy_

Inherited muscle destroying diseases, characterized by degeneration of muscle fibers, which causes progressive atrophy of the skeletal muscle

_Muscular Dystrophy_

A chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tenderness in localized areas

_Fibromyalgia_

A sudden, involuntary contraction of large groups of muscles

_Spasm_

A spasmodic, usually painful contraction of a muscle

_Cramp_

Rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless contraction of opposing muscle groups

_Tremor_

An act or process of forming fibers or fibrils. A muscular twitching involving individual muscle fibers acting without coordination. Very rapid irregular contractions of the muscle fibers of the heart resulting in a lack of synchronism between heartbeat and pulse

_Fibrillation_

Pain in a muscle or group of muscles

_Myalgia_

Involuntary stereotyped movements of a small group of muscles such as of the face. The spasm is usually psychogenic and may be aggravated by stressor anxiety but is generally controllable momentarily. Multiple grimacing and blinking mimic spasms occur in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome

_Tic (Mimic Spasm)_

Abnormal, spontaneous twitch of all skeletal muscle fibers in one motor unit that is visible at the skin surface; not associated with movement of the affected muscle; present in progressive diseases of motor neurons, for example, poliomyelitis

_Fasciculation_

_Compare and contrast slow oxidative, fast oxidative, and fast glyclytic muscle fibers in terms of myoglobin content, blood supply, mitochondria content, diameter size, ATP production, velocity of contraction, and resistance to fatigue_