Test 3: Chapter 12 Flashcards by Renee Lenz

The part of the central nervous system contained within the cranial cavity

Brain

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A mass of nerve tissue located in the vertebral canal from which 31 pairs of spinal nerves originate

Spinal Cord

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One of 12 pairs of nerves that leave the brain; pass through formina in the skull; and supply sensory and motor neurons to the head, neck, part of the trunk, and viscera of the thorax and abdomen. Each is designed by a Roman numeral and a name

Cranial Nerves

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One of 31 pairs of nerves that originate on the spinal cord from posterior and anterior roots

Spinal Nerves

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A group of neuronal cell bodies lying outside the central nervous system

Ganglion

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Highly specialized cells in the sense organs that detect and respond to one type of sensory stimuli - light, sound, or odor, for example - and transduce (convert)the stimuli into neural impulses

Sensory Receptor

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Conscious awareness of a sensation, A person’s cognitive (mental) interpretation of events

Perception

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Neuron that carries sensory information from cranial and spinal nerves into the brain and spinal cord or from a lower to a higher level in the spinal cord and brain. Also called an afferent neuron

Sensory Neurons

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Neurons whose axons extend only for a short distance and contact nearby neurons in the brain, spinal cord, or a ganglion; they comprise the vast majority of neurons in the body. Also called association neurons

Interneurons

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Neurons that conduct impulses from the brain toward the spinal cord or out of the brain and spinal cord into cranial or spinal nerves to effectors that may be either muscles or glands. Also called efferent neurons

Motor Neurons

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A neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord

Efferent Neurons

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An organ in the body, either a muscle or gland, that is innervated by somatic or autonomic motor neurons

Effectors

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The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

Central Nervous System

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The part of the nervous system that lies outside the central nervous system, consisting of nerves and ganglia

Peripheral Nervous System

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One of the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system, having cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in the lateral gray columns of the thoracic segment and the first two or three lumbar segments of the spinal cord; primarily concerned with processes involving the expenditure of energy. Also called the thoracolumbar division

Sympathetic Division

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One of the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system, having cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in nuclei in the brain stem and in the lateral gray horn of the sacral portion of the spinal cord; primarily concerned with activities that conserve and restore body energy. Also known as the craniiosacral division

Parasympathetic Division

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Any stress that chanfes a controlled condition; any change in the internal or external environment that excites a sensory receptor, a neuron, or a muscle fiber

Stimulus

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An electrical signal that propagates along the membrane of a neuron a neuron or muscle fiber; a rapid change in membrane potential that involves a depolarization followed by a repolarization. Also called a nerve action potential or nerve impulse as it relates to a neuron, and a muscle action potential as it relates to a muscle fiber

Aciton Potential

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General term for any process (axon or dendrite) projecting from the cell body of a neuron

Nerve Fiber

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A neuronal process that carries electrical signals, usually graded potentials, toward the cell body

Dendrite

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The usually single, long process of a nerve cell that propagates a nerve impulse toward the axon terminals

Axon

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Cytoplasm of the axon

Axoplasm

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The plasma membrane of the axon

Axolemma

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Branches off of the axon to communicate with other neurons

Axon Collaterals

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Terminal branch of an axon where synaptic vesicles undergo exocytosis to release neurotransmitter molecules. Also called telodendria

_Axon Terminal_

The functional junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector, such as a muscle or gland; may be electrical or chemical

_Synapse_

Expanded distal end of an axon terminal that contains synaptic vesicles. Also called synaptic knob

_Synaptic End Bulb_

Membrane-enclosed sac in a synaptic end bulb that stores neurotransmitters

_Synaptic Vesicles_

One of a variety of molecules within axon teminals that are released into the synaptic cleft in response to a nerve impulse and that change the membran potential of the postsynaptic neuron

_Neurotransmitter_

Rough endoplasmic reticulum in neuron

_Nissl Bodies_

Axoplasmic flow; moves enzymes and cytoskeleton components down the axon, renews worn-out axoplasmic components in mature neurons; governs speed of damaged nerve fiber regeneration

_Slow Axonal Transport_

Process by which neurotransmitter-containing vesicles are moved from the cell body to the axon terminal of a neuron; requires molecular motors.

_Fast Axonal Transport_

A neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites; the most common type of neuron in the nervous system.

_Multipolar Neuron_

Only has 2 processes: one dendrite and one axon; Dendrite often specialized to receive stimulus, axon conducts action potentials to CNS; EX - sensory in retina of eye and nose

_Bipolar Neuron_

A neuron with one axon attached to its soma; the axon divides, with one branch receiving sensory information and the other sending the information into the central nervous system.

_Unipolar Neuron_

Cells of the nervous system that perform various supportive functions. The neuroglia of the central nervous system are the astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells; neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system include Schwann cells and satellite cells. Also called glia

_Neuroglia_

A tumor composed of neuroglial cells is known as a

_Glioma_

A neuroglia cell having a star shape that participates in brain development and the metabolism of neurotransmitters, helps form the blood-brain barrier, helps maintain the proper balance of K+ for generation of nerve impulses, and provides a link between neurons and blood vessels

_Astrocytes_

A neuron glial cell that supports neurons and produces a myelin sheath around axons of neurons of the central nervous system

_Oligodendrocytes_

Act as phagocytes, eating damaged cells and bacteria, act as the brains immune system

_Microglia_

Neuroglial cells that cover choroid plexuses and produce cerebrospinal fluid; they also line the ventricles of the brain and probably assist in the circulation of CSF

_Ependymal Cells_

A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system that forms the myelin sheath and neurolemma around a nerve axon by wrapping around the axon in a jelly-roll fashion

_Neurolemmocytes (Schwann Cells)_

Flat neuroglial cells that surround cell bodies of peripheral nervous system ganglia to provide structural support and regulate the exchange of material between a neuronal cell body and interstitial fluid

_Satellite Cells_

Multilayered lipid and protein covering, formed by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, around axons of many peripheral and central nervous system neurons

_Myelin Sheath_

_Myelinated vs. Unmyelinated_

The peripheral, nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell. Also called the sheath of schwann

_Neurolemma_

A space alonf a myelinated axon between the individual Schwann cells that form the myelin sheath and the neurolemma

_Node of Ranvier_

Aggregations or bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons located in the brain and spinal cord

_White Matter_

Areas in the central nervous system and ganglia containing neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia; Nissl bodies impart a gray color and there is little or no myelin in gray matter

_Gray Matter_

An electrical potential established across the plasma membrane of all cells by the Na+/K+ ATPase and the K+ leak channels. IN most cells it is approximately -70 mV with respect to the outside of the cell

_Resting Membrane Potential_

The combined difference in concentration and charge; influences the distribution and direction of diffusion of ions

_Electrochemical Gradient_

Protein channels that open or close in response to stimuli and allows ions to pass through

_Gated Ion Channels_

Some chemicals get through the gated channels

_Leakage_

A class of transmembrane ion channels that are activated by changes in electrical membrane potential near the channel; these types of ionchannels are especially critical in neurons, but are common in many types of cells

_Voltage-Gated Channel_

Group of transmembrane ion channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, or Cl− to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger, such as a neurotransmitter

_Chemically/Ligand-Gated_

Are ion channels which open their pores in response tomechanical deformation of a neuron's plasma membrane

_Mechanically-Gated_

A group of transmembrane proteins that form ion channels; pores which open or close in response to light

_Light-Gated_

Reduction in membrane potential A positive shift in the electrical charge in the neuron's resting potential, making it less negatively charged

_Depolarization_

Cell returned to a more negative potential after Na+ ions have rushed into the cell, K+ ions rush out of the cell to restore the balance and the original polarity

_Repolarization_

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

_Threshold_

The movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction

_Hyperpolarization_

Minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin

_Absolute Refractory Period_

A period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire again only if the incoming message is much stronger than usual

_Relative Refractory Period_

Propagation of an action potential in a step-by-step depolarization of each adjacent area of an axon membrane

_Continuous Conduction_

Rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of Ranvier to another, skipping the myelin-sheathed regions of membrane

_Saltatory Conduction_

A neuron that propagates nerve impulses toward a synapse

_Presynaptic Neuron_

The nerve cell that is activated by the release of a neurotransmitter from another neuron and carries nerve impulses away from the synapse

_Postsynaptic Neuron_

A type of synapse in which the cells are connected by gap junctions, allowing ions (and therefore an action potential) to spread easily from cell to cell, usually in smooth and cardiac muscle

_Electrical Synapse_

A type of synapse at which a neurotransmitter is released from the axon of a neuron into the synaptic cleft where it binds to receptors on the next structure in sequence, either another neuron or an organ

_Chemical Synapse_

A voltage change at the receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane

_Postsynaptic Potential_

What opens on the axon terminal as action potential is traveling?

_Voltage-Gated Ca²⁺Channels_

A protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a neurotransmitter or hormone. Embedded in plasma membrane of post-synaptic cell. Either are ion channels themselves or interface with ion channels

_Neurotransmitter Receptors_

A postsynaptic potential that depolarizes the neuronal membrane, making the cell more likely to fire an action potential

_Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential_

A postsynaptic potential that hyperpolarizes the neuronal membrane, making a cell less likely to fire an action potential

_Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential_

Individual signals from separate synapses located at different locations across the neuron, occur close enough in time that they converge and "add up" as they travel across the neuron

_Spatial Summation_

Occurs when a single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous decays. This allows the EPSPs to add up to reach a threshold voltage that triggers an action potential

_Temporal Summation_

A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation. Also called noradrenaline

_Norepinephrine_

Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation. Aslo called adrenaline

_Epinephrine_

Treats circulation problems caused by heart attack, heart failure, kidney failure, low blood pressure, or surgery

_Dopamine_

A compound present in blood platelets and serum that constricts the blood vessels and acts as a neurotransmitter

_Serotonin_

A colorless toxic gas formed in many reactions in which nitric acid is reduced, as in reaction with copper. It reacts immediately with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide

_Nitric Oxide_

Either of two compounds that occur naturally in the brain. They are peptides related to the endorphins, with similar physiological effects

_Enkephalins_

Any of a group of hormones secreted within the brain and nervous system and having a number of physiological functions. They are peptides that activate the body's opiate receptors, causing an analgesic effect

_Endorphins_

A biologically active substance found in plants and in brain and other animal tissues; it is a neurotransmitter that inhibits activation of neurones

_GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)_

Growth anew of lost tissue or destroyed parts or organs

_Regeneration_

The study of the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system

_Neurology_

A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the nervous system

_Neurologist_

A poison that acts on the nervous system

_Neurotoxin_

Anesthesia that affects a restricted area of the body

_Local Anesthetics_

Used to cause numbness or loss of feeling in an area of your body. This medicine is a type of anesthesia. (before and during surgery, childbirth, or other procedures)

_Novacaine_

A synthetic compound used as a local anesthetic (for dental surgery, and in treating abnormal heart rhythms)

_Lidocaine_

A chronic, typically progressive disease involving damage to the sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, whose symptoms may include numbness, impairment of speech and of muscular coordination, blurred vision, and severe fatigue

_Multiple Sclerosis (MS)_

A neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions, associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain

_Epilepsy_

Disease or dysfunction of one or more peripheral nerves, typically causing numbness or weakness

_Neuropathy_

A contagious and fatal viral disease of dogs and other mammals that causes madness and convulsions, transmissible through the saliva to humans

_Rabies_

A tumor composed of neuroglial cells is known as a

_Glioma_

The prolonged contraction of a muscle caused by rapidly repeated stimuli. Muscles not allowed to relax

_Tetanus_

Can be fatal to humans and other animals and can occur by inhalation, swallowing or absorption through eyes or mouth. It produces some of the most dramatic and painful symptoms of any known toxic reaction

_Strychnine Poisoning_