Test 4: Chapter 13 Flashcards by Renee Lenz

A small bundle or cluster, especially of nerve or muscle fibers

Fascicle

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Polio is another word for this. Caused by a virus called poliovirus

Poliomyelitis

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The constriction of the pupils that occur when a bright light is flashed in the eye is a protective response

Pupillary Light Reflex

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One of the thirty one pairs of nerves that originate on the spinal cord from posterior and anterior roots

Spinal Nerve

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Corresponds with the attachments of the large nerves which supply the upper limbs. It extends from about the third cervical to the second thoracic vertebra, its maximum circumference (about 38 mm.) being on a level with the attachment of the sixth pair of cervical nerves

Cervical Enlargement

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The structure compsed of axons of motor neurons that emerges from the anterior aspect of the spinal cord and extends laterally to join a posterior root, forming a spinal nerve

Anterior Root

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Area where axons cross from one side of spinal cord to the other

Anterior White Commisure

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The cutaneous area developed from one embryonic spinal cord segment and receiving most of its sensory innervation from one spinal nerve. An instrument for incising the skin or cutting thin transplants of skin

Dermatome

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A network formed by nerve axons from the anterior rami of the first four cervical nerves and receiving gray rami communicantes from the superior cervical ganglion

Cervical Plexus

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A network of nerves, veins, or lymphatic vessels

Plexuses

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A space between the spinal dura matter and the vertebral canal, containing areolar connective tissue and a plexus of veins

Epidural Space

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A microscopic tube running the length of the spinal cord in the gray commissure. A circular channel running longitudinally in the center of an osteon of mature compact bone, containing blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves.

Central Canal

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The inntermost of the three meninges (coverings) of the brain and spinal cord

Pia Mater

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Paralysis of four limbs: two upper and two lower

Quadriplegia

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A space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates

Subarachnoid Space

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A network of nerve axons of the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1. The nerves that emerge from this supply the upper limb

Brachial Plexus

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A network formed by the anterior branches of spinal nerves L1 through L4

Lumbar Plexus

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Deeper groove that separates the right and left portions of the anterior white matter

Anterior Median Fissure

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Injection of anesthetic drug in the epidural space to cause temporary loss of sensation

Epidural Block

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Innervation so that the contraction of a muscle or set of muscles is accompanied by the simultaneous inhibition of an antagonistic muscle or set of muscles

Reciprocal Innervation

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A shallow vertical groove dividing the spinal cord throughout its whole length in the midline posteriorly

Posterior Median Sulcus

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Motor response is on the opposite side as the sensory input

Contralateral Reflex Arc

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A group of cell bodies of sensory neurons and their supporting cells located along the posterior root of a spinal nerve

Posterior Root Ganglion

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Flexion of ankle, knee, and hip when the foot is painfully stimulated; the crossed extension reflex occurs in association with it

Flexor Reflex

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A partial transection of the cord on either the right of left side

_Hemisection_

An area of gray matter (anterior, lateral, or posterior) in the spinal cord

_Horns_

The procedure of taking fluid from the spine in the lower back through a hollow needle, usually done for diagnostic purposes

_Spinal Tap (Lumber Puncture)_

No interneuron involved When a reflex arc consists of only two neurons

_Monosynaptic Reflex Arc_

Paralysis of the upper limb, trunk, and lower limb on one side of the body

_Hemiplegia_

A reflex action that involves an electrical impulse being transferred from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron via at least one connecting neuron (interneuron) in the spinal cord

_Polysynaptic Reflex Arc_

The middle of the three meninges (coverings) of the brain and spinal cord

_Arachnoid_

A reflex induced by stimulation of somatic sensory nerve endings

_Somatic Reflex_

Motor response is on the same side as the sensory input

_Ipsilateral Reflex Arc_

Infection of the PNS by herpes zoster, causes pain, discoloration, and blisters

_Shingles_

An organ of the body, either a muscle or a gland, that is innervated by somatic or autonomic motor neurons

_Effector_

Inferior to the lumbar enlargement, the spinal cord terminates as a tapering, conical structure, which ends at the level of the intervertebral disc between the first and second lumbar vertebrae in adults

_Conus Medullaris_

Inflammation of the nerves due to a direct blow, bone fracture, or poisons

_Neuritis_

The most basic conduction pathway through the nervous system, connecting a receptor and an effector and consisting of a receptor, a sensory neuron, an integrating center in the central nervous system, a motor neuron, and an effector

_Reflex Arc_

Inflammation of the spinal cord

_Myelitis_

Paralysis of one limb only

_Monoplegia_

Stroke the abdomen with a blunt object to the side of the umbilicus. Normal response is movement of the umbilicus toward stimulation. No response indicates possible damage to lower thoracic spinal cord nerves, may also be present with multiple sclerosis.

_Abdominal Reflex_

Paralysis of both lower limbs

_Paraplegia_

Loss fo reflex function

_Areflexia_

A polsynaptic, ipsilateral reflex that protects tendons and their associated muscles from damage that might be brought about by excessive tension

_Tendon Reflex_

A period from several days to several weeks following transection of the spinal cord that is characterized by the abolition of all reflex activity

_Spinal Shock_

Inflammation of the meninges due to an infection, usually caused by a bacterium or virus

_Meningitis_

A muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle. It is a monosynaptic reflex which provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length. When a muscle lengthens, the muscle spindle is stretched and its nerve activity increases

_Stretch Reflex_

Any reflex action mediated through a center of the spinal cord

_Spinal Reflex_

Extension of the great toe, with or without fanning of the other toes, in response to stimulation of the outer margin of the sole; normal up to eighteen months of age and indicative of damage ro descending motor pathways such as the corticospinal tracts after that age

_Babinski Sign_

Inflammation and pain along the sciatic nerve; felt along the posterior aspect of the thigh extending down the inside of the leg

_Sciatica_

Nonnervous fibrous tissue of the spinal cord that extends inferiorly from the conus medullaris to the coccyx

_Filum Temrinale_

Pralysis of both arms or both legs

_Diplegia_

Connective tissue wrapping around individual nerve axons

_Endoneurium_

Start in the brain and end in the spinal cord, convey motor information.

_Descending Tract_

Unconscious motor reflexes relayed from organs and glands to the CNS through visceral afferent signaling

_Autonomic Reflex_

Lateral extensions of pia mater that pass through the arachnoid layer and attach to the internal surface of the dura mater. Function to anchor the spinal cord

_Denticulate Ligaments_

Connective tissue wrapping around fascicles in a nerve

_Perineurium_

Three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, called the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

_Meninx/Meninges_

The outermost of the three meninges (coverings) of the brain and spinal cord

_Dura Mater_

The cord is severed from one side to the other, thus cutting all sensory and motor tracts. It results in a loss of all sensations and voluntary movement below the level of transection

_Complete Transection_

Brain involvement, but not under conscious control

_Cranial Reflex_

The strucute composed of sensory axons lying between a spinal nerve and the dorsolateral aspect of the spinal cord

_Posterior Root_

Using the flat side of the reflex hammer strike below the patellar. Normal response: extension, straightening of the leg. No response indicates possible damage of lumbar segments of spinal cord. May also indicate diabetes, mellitus, or alcoholism

_Patellar Reflex_

Thickening in the spinal cord that supplies nerves to lower limbs

_Lumbar Enlargement_

A tail-like array of roots of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord

_Cauda Equina_

A space between the duar mater and the arachnoid materof the brain and spinal cord that contains a small amount of fluid

_Subdural Space_

A narrow strip of gray matter connecting the two lateral gray masses within the spinal cord

_Gray Commissure_

Start in the spinal cord and end in the brain, convey sensory information

_Ascending Tract_

A specialized cell or a distal portion of a neuron that responds to a specificsensory modality, such as touch, pressure, cold, light, or sound, and converts it to an electrical signal. A specific molecule or cluster of molecules that recognizes and binds a particular ligand

_Receptor_

An encapsulated proprioceptor in a skeletal muscle, consisting of specialized intrafusal muscle fibers and nerve endings; stimulated by changes in length or tension of muscle fibers

_Muscle Spindle_

A proprioceptive receptor, sensitive to changes in muscle tension and force of contraction, found chiefly near the junctions of tendons and muscles

_Tendon (Golgi Tendon) Organ_

Motor response is through a spinal nerve at a different level than the sensory input

_Intersegmental Reflex Arc_

Group of white matter tracts in the spinal cord

_Columns_

The superficial connective tissue covering around an entire nerve

_Epineurium_

Hold the foot and strike the achilles tendon with the flat side of the reflex hammer. Normal response is plantar flexion (extension) of the foot. NO response or an exaggerated response indicates injury to sacral segments of the spinal cord. Exaggerated response may be present with a compression of the cervical spine

_Achilles Reflex_

Crossing of sensory impulses within the reflex center to produce an opposite effect; ex: when you step on a tack and the opp. leg reacts to keep you balanced

_Crossed Extensor Reflex_

A network formed by the anterior rami branches of spinal nerves L4 through S3

_Sacral Plexus_