Test 2, 16. cells, molecules, systems analysis

Question 1

What is significant about the human genome?

Answer 1

1. consists of 26,000 genes

2. 1.5% of entire genome sequence is active participation

Question 2

What are restriction endonucleases?

Answer 2

1. enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences

Question 3

What is HaeIII?

Answer 3

1. restriction endonuclease

2. cleaves in between GC, forming no overhang

Question 4

What is EcoRI?

Answer 4

1. restriction endonuclease

2. cleaves between GA, overhang produced

Question 5

What is HindIII?

Answer 5

1. restriciton endonuclease

2. cleaves between AA, forms overhang

Question 6

Agarose gel is used to analyze DNA but differs from SDS-PAGE, how?

Answer 6

1. requires endonucleases
2. does not require chemical to charge DNA. (already negative charge)
3. separates based on size, due to endonuclease cleavage activity

Question 7

Which type of process is easier for DNA ligase to fix:

region that was cut by the same endonuclease, or a region that was cleaved by two different types?

Answer 7

1. region cleaved by same endonuclease; fewer steps needed to join as they already have proper overhang sequence

Question 8

What function do plasmids have?

Answer 8

1. carry manipulated gene products

2. replicate manipulated gene products

Question 9

What is a cDNA clone?

Answer 9

1. the DNA copy of mRNA
2. not include introns
3. requires viral enzyme reverse transcriptase

Question 10

What is the major difference between genomic library and cDNA libray?

Answer 10

1. genomic library has different pieces of DNA attached to the specific gene of interest
2. cDNA only contains the gene fragments (more exact, less junk)

Question 11

What is FISH?

Answer 11

1. fluorescent in situ hybridization
2. analyzes the presence and location of genes.
3. light = gene present
4. no light= no gene present

Question 12

What are primers?

Answer 12

1. replication start points

2. complementary to some portion of ssDNA

Question 13

What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

Answer 13

1. used to create more DNA strands.

2. use heat to separate two strands, and allow cooling to anneal primers and other factors that will replicate the DNA

Question 14

What are short tandem repeats?

Answer 14

1. small DNA units that are modified over time but not expressed in the gene
2. can be passed to progeny
3. variable from maternal/paternal inheritance

Question 15

What can PCR be used to detect?

Answer 15

1. alteration in gene expression or presence of foreign DNA

Question 16

How much difference is in two different human genomes?

Answer 16

1 in 1,000 nucleotide differences

Question 17

How are microarrays used in research?

Answer 17

1. two strands are hybridized and undergo H bonding.
2. the stronger the interaction the more intense the coloring to indicate the reaction.
3. they detect specific nucleotide sequences