*Test Five

Question 1

Tania Coli muscles

Answer 1

causes “Mass Peristalsis”, forces colon contents into rectum (roughly every 24 hours)

Question 2

microvilli

Answer 2

tiny folds in the membrane of the epithelial cells lining the small intestine

Question 3

Acini cells

Answer 3

• produce pancreatic juiceput HCO₃^- into pancreatic juice (which becomes sodium bicarbonate)
• neutralizing acidic chyme entering small intestines
• puts H⁺ into blood to correct alkaline nature
• make the 8 pancreatic enzymes

Question 4

defecation reflex

Answer 4

controls elimination of solid waste

Question 5

8 pancreatic enzymes and what they break down into

Answer 5

• pancreatic amylase - disacchardies
• pancreatic lipase - fats
• ribonuclease - nucleic acids
• deoxyribonuclease - nucleic acids
• trypsinogen (inactive) - converted by enzyme enterokinase into trypsin
  
  • TRYPSIN THEN ACTIVATES…
    
    • chymotrypsin - proteins
    • elastase - proteins
    • carboxypepsidase - proteins

Question 6

4 major digestive hormones

Answer 6

• gastrin- stomach, stimulates HCl, enzymes, and peristalsis
• GIP (gastric inhibitory protein)- small intestine, stimulates insulin release, stops HCl/enzyme production
• sectretin- small intestine, stimulates pancreatic juice release (neutralizes HCl)
• cholecystokinin- stimulates release of bile from the gall bladder

Question 7

carb enzymes

Answer 7

the amylases

Question 8

4 specific food groups and what they break down into

Answer 8

• carbs - saccharides like sugar
• proteins - amino acids
• lipids - fatty acids
• nucleic acids - nucleotides

Question 9

aminopepsidase

Answer 9

for proteins

Question 10

Islets of Langerhans

Answer 10

produce two pancreatic hormones (insulin and glucagon)

Question 11

list the materials that hepatocytes make

Answer 11

• bile- emulsifies fats, keeps them from clumping together
• converts heme to bilirubin (enters bile, gives feces its color)
• plasma proteins
  
  • albumin- controls osmosis, failure = ascites
  • alpha/beta globulins
    
    • compliment proteins- (low = prone to bleeding)
    • prothrombin- bruising
    • fibrinogen- blood clotting

Question 12

transanimation

Answer 12

hepatocytes can convert one amino acid into another

Question 13

2 kinds of stomach cells

Answer 13

• chief cells- secrete inactie enzyme pepsinogen
• parietal cells- contain enzyme carbonic anhydrase, also run CO₂ + H₂O ⇔ HCO₃^- + H⁺ reaction, put H⁺ into stomach to make HCl, put HCO₃^- into blood (alkaline, neurtralizes H⁺)

Question 14

chief cells

Answer 14

secrete inactive pepsinogen

Question 15

Plexus of Auerbach

Answer 15

neurons that stimulate peristalsis in muscularis layer

Question 16

chyme

Answer 16

the thin mixed liquid that exits the stomach

Question 17

describe protein digestion

Answer 17

• stomach
  
  • HCl denatures proteins, converts pepsinogen into pepsin
  • pepsin cuts proteins into smaller strings (peptides)
• small intestine
  
  • enterokinase converts trypsinogen into trypsin
  • trypsin activates elastase and chymotrypsin (cuts small protein strings even smaller)
  • trypsin also activates carboxypeptidase with the brush border enzyme aminopeptidase, the 2 cut individual amino acids off the strings from the carboxyl and amino acids

Question 18

acid reflux disease

Answer 18

caused by a defective cardiac sphincter, acid rises into esophagus, results in damage to esophageal wall (as there is no protective mucus)

Question 19

enterokinase

Answer 19

activates trypsinogen

Question 20

2 digestive system cells that run the carbonic anhydrase reaction, where they are, and what their purpose is

Answer 20

• parietal cells- stomach, contain carbonic anhydrase and run reaction
  
  • puts H⁺ into stomach (makes HCl)
  • puts HCO₃^- into blood (alkaline, neutralizes H⁺)
• acini cells- produce pancreatic juice
  
  • put HCO₃^- into pancreatic juice, neutralizes acidic chyme entering small intestine
  • puts H⁺ into blood to correct its alkaline (pH 7.35-7.45) nature

Question 21

segmentation

Answer 21

muscles of the small intestine break chyme into section and move it along

Question 22

Plexus of Meissner

Answer 22

neurons for nucus glands (food lubrication) in submucosa layer

Question 23

esophageal hiatus

Answer 23

where the esophagus pierces the diaphragm

Question 24

deanimation

Answer 24

excess protein? clip off amino group, turn the rest into ATP

Question 25

brush border cells

Answer 25

line microvilli, make enzymes (enterokinase (which activates trypsinogen), aminopepsidase (for proteins), and carb enzymes (the amylases))

Question 26

chylomicrons

Answer 26

golgi body of brush border cells package lipids for export in these structures (which go to lacteals)

Question 27

mastication

Answer 27

chewing

Question 28

secretion

Answer 28

depositing of enzymes into the GI tract (a key function of the pancreas)

Question 29

describe lipid digestion

Answer 29

* (majority is in small intestine) * lipids are big, made of glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails, hydrophobic * process * chyme enters small intestine with bif fat globules * segmentation breaks big globules up into tiny ones * bile emulsifies the fats as micelles * pancreatic lipase pulls off the first and third fatty acid tails * brush border cells absorb these small pieces, their smooth ER then reassembling the fat inside the cell * golgi apparatus of brush border cells packages lipids for export in structures called chylomicrons (which go to lacteals)

Question 30

insulin

Answer 30

lowers blood sugar, made by beta cells

Question 31

Nucleic acids break down into what?

Answer 31

nucleotides

Question 32

deglutination

Answer 32

swallowing

Question 33

lysozyme

Answer 33

enzyme in saliva that destroys bacterial membranes

Question 34

peristalsis

Answer 34

"alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in the walls of the GI tract to propel food"

Question 35

sinusoids

Answer 35

* hepatic arteries and heptal portal veins run together into these large spaces in liver * lined with kupffer cells and hepatocytes

Question 36

Carbs break down into what?

Answer 36

saccharides like glucose

Question 37

Proteins break down i to what?

Answer 37

amino acids

Question 38

kupffer cells

Answer 38

* "major phagocytic cells of the liver", destroy old RBCs, converts heme to bilirubin (enters bile, gives feces its color) * not working = chronic infections and jaundice (bilirubin buildup)

Question 39

parietal cells

Answer 39

* contain enzyme carbonic anhydrase * also run CO₂ + H₂O ⇔ HCO₃^- + H⁺ reaction * put H⁺ into stomach to make HCl * put HCO₃^- into blood (alkaline, neutralizes H⁺)

Question 40

ascites

Answer 40

when an abnormal amount of fluid collects in the abdomen (in the peritoneal space)

Question 41

hepatocytes

Answer 41

* make bile * store glycogen (carbs) and fat soluble vitamins (like vitamin K) * make plasma proteins * albumin- controls osmosis, failure = ascites * alpha & beta globulins * compliment proteins- low = prone to bleeding * prothrombin- bruising * fibrinogen- more bruising

Question 42

pyloric sphincter

Answer 42

between stomach and small intestines

Question 43

hepatic portal vein

Answer 43

brings deoxygenated nutrient rich blood into the liver (from small intestine)

Question 44

mixing waves

Answer 44

mechanical action the the stomach created by peristalis, churning creates this

Question 45

glucagon

Answer 45

raises blood sugar, made by alpha cells

Question 46

illeocecal sphincter

Answer 46

separates small intestines from large intestines

Question 47

Lipids break down into what?

Answer 47

fatty acids

Question 48

3 things HCl does in the stomach

Answer 48

* kill bacteria (pH 2.2) * denature proteins (unfold them) * activate pepsinogen, turning it to pepsin

Question 49

absorption

Answer 49

passage of nutrients into the blood