Test Four

Question 1

serotonin

Answer 1

stimulates happiness, lack of this causes depression

Question 2

melatonin

Answer 2

sleep wake cycle, pineal gland

Question 3

dopamine

Answer 3

“allow antagonistic muscles to relax” arm/leg- parkoinson’s

Question 4

GABA

Answer 4

“allow antagonistic muscles to relax” face/neck- Huntington’s

Question 5

endorphins

Answer 5

type of neurotransmitter that significantly blocks pain

Question 6

dorsal root ganglion

Answer 6

“general sensory neuron cell bodies are located in specific structures NEAR the spinal cord” (exposed)

Question 7

ventral root ganglion

Answer 7

“motor neurons cell bodies are found IN the spinal cord” (protected by rib cage)

Question 8

general sensory neurons (type of pole, where do they go, functions)

Answer 8

unipolar, Dorsal root ganglion, senses pain, pressure, touch, temp

Question 9

autonomic sensory neurons (what, where)

Answer 9

sensory and motor neurons in major organs

Question 10

somatic nervous system would have what kinds of difficulties?

Answer 10

sensory neurons in skin, motor neurons carry info to skeletal muscles —would have problems with voluntary muscle control

Question 11

motor cell neuron bodies (where, what)

Answer 11

IN spinal cord (ventral root ganglion)

Question 12

uni vs. multipolar neurons

Answer 12

unipolar- general sensory neurons, multipolar- classic neuron drawing (all motor and association neurons)

Question 13

what do terminal end bulbs synapse with?

Answer 13

axon hillocks and dendrites, can also be with muscles (post synaptic neurons)

Question 14

diverging circuit

Answer 14

“1 presynaptic neuron synapses with MANY postsynaptic neurons”

Question 15

reverberating circuits

Answer 15

info is looped from 1 neuron an THIS IS SHORT TERM MEMORY

Question 16

ion channel opening/gating- chemical

Answer 16

opened by neurotransmitters

Question 17

ion channel opening/gatings- voltage

Answer 17

(na+) opened by moving ions

Question 18

monosynaptic arcs (reflexes)

Answer 18

sensory neuron connects directly to the motor neuron (knee jerk)

Question 19

polysynaptic arcs (reflexes)

Answer 19

sensory neuron must connect to at least 2 association neuron, redirects to a different place

Question 20

2 important properties of receiving neurons

Answer 20

• membrane potential

- ion channels

Question 21

absolute refractory periods

Answer 21

“the period of time during which a second action potential can’t be initiated” (NEURON IS COMPLETELY DEPOLARIZED)

Question 22

relative refractory period

Answer 22

the cell has reestablished a little bit of membrane potential. it can receive another stimulus but only if the number adding up at the trigger zone is MUCH higher than the threshold (-55mV)

Question 23

How do neurons depolarize?

Answer 23

Na+ ions enter neuron (creating an equal charge)

Question 24

How do neurons repolarize?

Answer 24

K+ ions leave the neuron (by removing some = ions the next charge starts to become negative in the cell)

Question 25

sensory neurons have to connect to association neurons (why?

Answer 25

only CNS can analyze information

Question 26

functioning vs. nonfunctioning thalamus gland

Answer 26

functioning- crude analysis | nonfunctioning- info doesn't go to brain

Question 27

medulla role

Answer 27

respiratory center

Question 28

cerebellum role

Answer 28

posture DON'T NEED THIS TO LIVE

Question 29

choroid plexus role

Answer 29

makes CSF (capillaries and ependymal cells)

Question 30

function of gnostic system

Answer 30

combines info from all lobes so you can analyze it

Question 31

reflex integration (location)

Answer 31

spinal cord (association neurons)

Question 32

frontal lobes do what

Answer 32

personality, intellect, emotion

Question 33

premotor cortex

Answer 33

voluntary movements

Question 34

corpus callosum role

Answer 34

commisural fibers that connect cerebral hemispheres

Question 35

gyrus

Answer 35

folds of brain in cerebebrum

Question 36

central sulcus

Answer 36

groove that separates frontal and parietal lobes

Question 37

cortex vs. association neurons of cerebrum

Answer 37

cortex- receive and integrates real time info association- integrates past experiences (associates things!!!)

Question 38

astrocytes

Answer 38

Blood brain barrier, CNS, star shaped, "perivascular feet" CONTROLS WHAT ENTERS THE BRAIN

Question 39

schwann

Answer 39

PNS only, myelin sheath cells in PNS

Question 40

microglial

Answer 40

"phagocytic cells of CNS" (keeps brain free of infection)

Question 41

oligodendrocytes

Answer 41

CNS only, myelin sheath cells in the CNS

Question 42

ependymal cells

Answer 42

make CSF

Question 43

Blood Brain Barrier (5 things you need to know)

Answer 43

- capillaries - fenestrations - astrocytes - perivascular feet - tight junctions

Question 44

white vs. gray mater (Why their appearance and function)

Answer 44

white matter- has myelin sheaths on axons | gray- neuron cell bodies

Question 45

midbrain problem

Answer 45

parkinsons

Question 46

inferior colliculus problem

Answer 46

no reflex to sound

Question 47

superior colliculus problem

Answer 47

no reflex to visual

Question 48

occipital lobe problems

Answer 48

vision problems

Question 49

somatosensory area problems

Answer 49

can't feel light touch, pain, sensations (general sensatory things)

Question 50

brocha's are problems

Answer 50

can't speak

Question 51

wernicke's area problems

Answer 51

babbling (non intellectual speech)

Question 52

spinothalamic ascending tract problem

Answer 52

can't feel pain (BECAUSE YOU DON'T HAVE THIS--- EXAMPLE OF THE LITTLE GIRL)

Question 53

Parkinson's (what, where, or why)

Answer 53

low/no dopamine, arm/leg

Question 54

huntington's (what, where, or why)

Answer 54

low/no GABA, face/neck

Question 55

meningitis (and test)

Answer 55

infection/inflammation in meninges (spinal tap)

Question 56

encephalitis

Answer 56

infection/inflammation of the brain

Question 57

list the 3 meninges and their llocation

Answer 57

dura mater- outer arachnoid mater- middle pia mater- inner

Question 58

list the membrane spaces (Which has CSF, hematomas, anesthesia?)

Answer 58

epidural space- between bone and dura mater- anesthesia subdural space- between dura and arachnoid mater- hematomas subarachnoid space- between arachnoid and pia mater- CSF

Question 59

resting membrane potential in MV?

Answer 59

-70mV

Question 60

threshold in mV?

Answer 60

-55mV

Question 61

EPSP

Answer 61

total charge is POSITIVE

Question 62

IPSP

Answer 62

total charge is NEGATIVE

Question 63

What happens if mV is above the threshold (or at threshold)

Answer 63

signal will travel down the postsynaptic neuron (signal will be sent)

Question 64

What happens if the signal is below threshold?

Answer 64

Signal will be aborted (will not feel)