Test One Flashcards
1
Q
anatomy
A
structure
2
Q
physiology
A
function
3
Q
life
A
“those things that disappear when a living organism dies”
4
Q
cells
A
“basic structural and functional unit of life”
5
Q
differentiation
A
“process of specializing a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state”
6
Q
metabolism
A
total of all chemical reactions happening in the body
7
Q
catabolism
A
breaks large molecules down MAKES OR RELEASES ENERGY
8
Q
anabolism
A
builds up small molecules REQUIRES ENERGY
9
Q
homeostasis
A
“maintaining everything within the body between certain set preset limits”
10
Q
feedback loops
A
control homeostasis (1. receptors 2. central control (brain) 3. effector)
11
Q
sign
A
measurable
12
Q
symptom
A
subjective
13
Q
insulin
A
lowers blood sugar, opens cell to usher in glucose
14
Q
glucagon
A
raises blood sugar, releases glucose from liver cells
15
Q
matter
A
“anything that has weight and takes up space”
16
Q
valence shells
A
outermost cell of electrons
17
Q
ionic bonds
A
give up or take electrons
18
Q
covalent bonds
A
share electrons
19
Q
non polar covalent bonds
A
share electrons equally BUT DON’T DISSOLVE IN H2O, fats
20
Q
polar covalent bonds
A
share electrons equally (ex- H2O)
21
Q
hydrogen bonds
A
cause proteins to fold, shape is EVERYTHING (misfolded protein is a prion)
22
Q
organical chemicals
A
made of carbon AND hydrogen (ex- carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
23
Q
inorganic chemicals
A
“everything else” (ex- H2O, CO2, O2)
24
Q
carbohydrates
A
“provide the immediate and preferred energy source to the body”
25
saccharides
building blocks of carbs (glycosidic bonds)
26
glycosidic bonds
formed between saccharides
27
lipids
"provide stored energy"
28
phospholipids
biologically important lipids (phosphate heads, lipid tails)
29
triglycerides
basic fat, made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails
30
hydrophobic
repels water
31
proteins and what they look like
do everything (picture with the two H horns, N head, C abdomen, one H arm and one R arm, C pelvis, O legs (one with a splint and no foot the other with H foot)
32
amino acids
20 of these, basic building blocks of life (peptide bonds between these things)
33
ribosomes
synthesize proteins by connecting multiple amino acids with peptide bonds
34
folding
hydrogen bonds, VVVV or loop-de-loop shape (beta pleated sheets or alpha helix spiral), conserves space
35
enzymes
proteins that help with chemical reactions
36
nucleotides
building blocks of DNA/RNA (Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base)
37
transcription
write down (think Donna) "process of making a mRNA copy of a gene segment on a chromosome"
38
translation
actually do, "process of making a protein from an mRNA cope of a gene"
39
codon
groups of 3 nucleotides in mRNA (AUG is the start one)
40
anticodon
3 nucleotides that line up at the bottom of tRNA (opposite of mRNA)
41
mRNA
"type of RNA that is a copy of a DNA gene"
42
tRNA
"type of RNA that transports the amino acids into the ribosomes (in the correct order)"
43
rRNA
type of RNA that forms the framework of ribosomes
44
mutations
a change (error) in the sequence of genes
45
replication
"process of copying each of the chromosomes in preparation for cell division"
46
ORI's
sites on the chromosomes where copying can start
47
p53
protein that controls the restriction point at the end of G1 (decides if cells stay, divide, or die)
48
crenation
shriveling of cell (hypertonic solution result)
49
hypertrophy
enlargement of a cell (hypotonic solution result)
50
simple diffusion
high to low movement across the phospholipid bilayers (occurs with H2O, CO2, O2, (and small lipids))
51
facilitated diffusion
high to low movement via protein gates in the phospholipid bilayer
52
osmosis
H2O movement from high to low concentrations
53
cellular respiration
process of making ATP from glucose
54
glycolysis
first step in respiration
55
glycolysis
glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 FADH
56
citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)
occurs in mitochondria's cytoplasm, 2 pyruvate is broken down into Acetylcholine (ACh), 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH
57
electron transport chain
occurs in mitochondria's inner membrane (squiggly bit), 12 NADH is broken down into NAD, H+, 2 electrons, and 34-38 ATP
58
6 characteristics of life
movement, responds to stimuli/environment, differentiation, metabolism, reproduction, growth
59
3 parts of feedback loops
1. stimuli
2. control center (brain)
3. effector
60
how blood sugar is controlled
1. receptors say blood sugar is high/low
2. brain tells the pancreas to make insulin/glucagon
3a. high- insulin opens liver cells, glucose is stored, blood sugar goes down
3b. low- glucagon works in liver cells to release stored glucose, blood sugar rises
61
important biological elements (9)
H, Na, K, Ca, C, Fe, O, N, Cl
62
why does an atom picks up a charge and what charge would that be
ionic bonds give up or receive electrons, (give up electrons equals + charge, receive electrons equals - charge)
63
why is water polar
oxygen is an electron hog making the atom bend and giving it slight charges (h+ and oxygen-)
64
how does the hydrogen bonds happen between water molecules
opposite charges attract making the H+ in one H2O molecule attract the O- in another H2O (SLIGHT BONDS ONLY (draw with the multiple little lines))
65
how does water ionize compounds and why is this so important
O- attracts Na+, H+ attracts Cl-, this allows our bodies to break down molecules and be able to use the individual elements
66
3 most important inorganic chemical
H2O, CO2, O2
67
normal blood pH range and how do you control this
7.35-7.45, CO2 levels in your blood (holding your breath lowers your blood pH, hyperventilating raises your blood pH)
68
4 important organic chemicals
carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
69
what shapes do proteins fold into
alpha helix spirals and beta pleated sheets
70
why do proteins fold
the hydrogen bond in proteins causes this
71
what happens when a protein is misfolded
a prion is made
72
what are the parts of a nucleotide
phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base
73
base pairing rules
DNA- AT, CG
| RNA- UT, CG
74
DNA
housed in 23 chromosomes in the nucleus, chromosomes are divided into sections called genes, genes hold the pattern for making specific proteins, doubled stranded, bases are A,T,C,G
75
RNA
makes proteins, single strand, bases are A,U,C,G, can move, 3 types
76
mRNA
copy of a DNA gene
77
rRNA
makes up ribosomes
78
tRNA
transports amino acids into the ribosomes
79
RNA polymerase
makes a mRNA copy of a DNA gene
80
DNA lygase
connects ORI's sections together
81
DNA polymerase
makes a copy of each chromosome
82
DNA helicase
opens DNA strands during replication
83
what is the role of methionine in life
(AUG), start codon, couldn't make any proteins, no proteins no living
84
nucleus
contains DNA
85
nucleolus
makes ribosomes
86
rough ER
folds proteins
87
smooth ER
synthesizes lipids
88
mitochondria
make ATP
89
ribosomes
make proteins
90
golgi body
packages proteins
91
lysosomes
destroy waste
92
isotonic solution
typical IV, .9% salt, eql amount of liquid and particles (used for mild dehydration and to increase blood volume)
93
hypotonic solution
94
hypertonic solution
>.9%, causes crenation (used when you're too hydrated)
