"The Andreas Cheat Sheet: 2" Flashcards
1
Q
Umayyad Caliphate
A
692-750 CE: Ruled by a caliph, first caliph was uthman, the caliphate began to establish a political, artistic and cultural legacy in the areas it had conquered, influences by Byzantine, Greek, Persian traditions, Arabic language, created Dome of the Rock, allowed different religions to be followed freely, grew at west as Spain and east as Iran,
2
Q
Mawali
A
New converts to Islam, occupied positions of power and wealth, treated as social inferiors, could work as soldiers, could not marry Arab women
3
Q
Jizya
A
A tax paid by the non-believers of Islam
4
Q
Abbasid Caliphate
A
750-1258 CE: founded by non-Arab Muslims and Shi’a Muslims becuase of contreversy of Umayyad clan, took name from early supporter of the Prophet, center of power where Arab and Iranian cultures conjoin to produce period for philosophy, science, and literature, had Golden Age for all fields of studies (see Golden Age of Baghdad and House of Wisdom)
5
Q
House of Wisdom
A
University, primary symbol of the glory of the Abbasid Baghdad, Greek and Indian works made way to Islamic culture, translated works of Plato, Aristotle
6
Q
Golden Age of Baghdad:
Astronomy
Medicine
Diet
A
A period of unrivaled intellectual activity in all fields: science, technology, and literature (particularly biography, history, and linguistics)
Astronomy: collected and corrected previous astronomical data, built the world’s first observatory, and developed the astrolabe, an instrument used in astronomy, geography and navigation.
Medicine: they experimented with diet, drugs, surgery, and anatomy, and in chemistry, scientists isolated and studied a wide variety of minerals and compounds
Diet: transformed the diet of medieval Europe by introducing such plants as plums, artichokes, apricots, cauliflower, celery, and fennel, as well as rice, sorghum, new strains of wheat, the date palm, and sugarcane.
7
Q
Fiqh
A
an Islamic philosophy of jurisprudence, four schools: Hanafi, Shafi’i, Miliki, Hanbali, studied Qur’an closely to find guidance about social and political instituitions, observed customs of Muslims in Medina, showed people how to live
8
Q
Hadith
A
Account of Muhammed’s words and actions, published in volumes, some are considered with isnad, a description of the origin
9
Q
Shari’a
A
Islamic law discussions of legal scholars and fiqh, “Shar’ia covers all sorts of situations, including: prayer, zakat, fasting, marriage, divorce, slavery, business partnerships and contracts, debt, wills, etc”
10
Q
Itjihad
A
the individual judgement based upon reason, was debated upon between the Sunni and Shi’a to answer the questions of who makes the decision if that decision is not clearly stated in the Qu’ran, says that the leader could make their own judgement without consent, but the leader had to have a good reason behind it
11
Q
Mujtahid
A
the scholars that used the idea of itjihad, scholars had to be very familiar with the Quran and know the philosophy of fijh.
12
Q
Ulama
A
the people that held spiritual authority in the beliefs of Sunni Muslims, generally worked as teachers, judges and various sorts of bureaucrats, worked for their teachers in a sort of apprenticeship position, became personally attached to teachers ulama became powerful political forces throughout the Islamic world, could give legitimacy to a caliph or undermine his authority, became head bureaucrats, judges, lawmakers or powerful oppositional forces that could also influence the government. gain favor with the ulama and bolster their claims to power
13
Q
Sufis
A
Practioners of Sufism, scholars define as a science whose objective is reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God, generally believed to have originated among Muslims near Basra, Iraq, characterized by their particular attachment to dkihr/remembrance, arose among a number of Muslims a reaction against the worldliness of the early Umayyad Caliphate, chief aim is to seek the pleasing of God by working to restore within themselves the primordial state of fitra, described in Qur’an, must learn from teachera, are unanimous in agreeing that Sufism cannot be learned through books, to reach highest levels of success in Sufism, disciple live with and serve the teacher for many years
14
Q
Al-Andalus
A
The center of Arabic Spain, influenced of Islamic learning and also had European influence in religion, architecture, and government
15
Q
Battle of Tours
A
732 CE, In southwestern France where the Muslims and the Franks fought for the control of Spain, the Franks overpowered the Muslims in the final battle
16
Q
Abd al-Rahman III
A
750 CE, The ruler of the period that was called the Golden Age of Cordoba, one of the richest men in the Islamic world
17
Q
Reconquista
A
1250-1492 CE, Event that the Christians in Islamic Spain wanted to persuade Muslims to join their faith by forcing tax revenues and strip them of their posts
18
Q
Iqta
A
A grant of the right to collect taxes on a certain area of land
19
Q
Mawali
A
A person essentially adopted into a Muslim tribe
20
Q
First Crusade
A
1096-1099 CE, Mission was to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims, result was success until the Muslims took back Jerusalem 15 years after Pope Urban II called for the crusade
21
Q
Mawdud
A
An officer who was appointed to the post of governer to Jerusalem after the First Crusade and drive out the Europeans
22
Q
Zengi
A
1128-1146 CE, Governor of Monsul, expanded rule for the Muslims, most powerful commander in syria, went to Damscus to fight the Crusaders and defeated one of the Crusaders’ states, used jihad against Europeans,
23
Q
Nur ad-Din
A
1146-1174 CE, succeeded Zengi and continues legacy of Zengi, became most respected of the Muslim world
24
Q
Second Crusade
A
1145-1449 CE, Mission was to take back Damascus, called by Pope Eugene III, failed because they instead fought non-Christian neighbors, wanted to take over Iberian Peninsula, instead stopped in Spain to try to control Lisbon against the Muslims
25
Third Crusade
1189-1192 CE, Mission was to take back Acre, reached agreement for Jerusalem and defeated in Acre, led by Saladin
26
Saladin
1174-1193 CE, Led Third Crusade, Kurdish Muslim who took over Egypt and Fatimied throne, helped take other some Europeans areas and mainly take over Jerusalem
27
Kurdish
Sect of Islamic religion, that differs from Sunni and Shi'a, Saladin was one
28
Yuan Dynasty
1279-1368 CE, First Mongol-rule dynasty of China, was very successful in taking over land and controlling people, but did not have the military equipment to protect themselves, which was their downfall along with the bubonic plague and rebellions, no influence of Chinese culture
29
Genghis Khan
1206-1227 CE, Help to overtake the Chinese and take over China to create the Yuan Dynasty, unified the divided tribes of Mongolia to take over China
30
Khubilai Khan
1241-1268 CE, Help expanded the influence of Genghis and took over the Tibetian area of China, help bring down the Song dynasty
31
Marco Polo
1254-1324 CE, Traveler in Yuan Dynasty who explores from Italy to China and back, born in family of merchants
32
bubonic plague
1334-1347 CE, Black Death, disease that was carried by rats and fleas throughout Europe and Asia, led to downfall of Yuan Dynastydisease that wrecked havoc throughout Europe and Asia, caused the decline of the Mongol Empire, spread due to the Silk Road, reported in cavaranseries
33
pax mongolica
reason that the bubonic plague spread more east and west and led to the bubonic plague spreading to Europe and Asia
34
spice trade
trade of spices between the Java and the Yuan Dynasty that helped to end the reign of the Yuan Dynasty
35
Ibn Battuta
1304-1375 CE, Traveler who took similar route to China as Marco Polo, Sunni Muslim
36
khanates
4 main terroties that were divided by land from Russia, China, and the Middle East
37
Nishapur
In northeastern Iran, where Mongols killed all of the people by cutting off their heads
38
Golden Horde
Territory ruled by Batu that was Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Hungary, and Bulgaria
39
Volga River
where capital of the Golden Horde was along
40
Hulagu
1250-1258 CE, brother of Khubilai, destroyed major centers of Islamic power, killed ulama, destroyed Baghdad and last Abbasid Caliphate,
41
Mosul
In Iraq, center for artistic metalworking; non-productive for over 40 years with Mongol rule
42
Tatar
The group of Mongols who lived in the Golden Horde
43
Mamluks
Lived in Syria and Egypt, fended off Mongol Conquest, unified, organized, disciplined, similar weapons to Mongols,
44
Ilkhanate
One of four territories/khanates in Iraq and Iran
45
Ilkhan
Ruled by the Ilkhanate, representative of the Great Khan in China
46
Chaganai Khanate
1370 CE, Khanate consisting of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Chinese province of Xinjiang
47
Ilkhan Ghazan
1295-1304 CE, Sponsored rebuilding of Muslim cities, irrigation systems, land for agriculture, reestablish trade with China via Silk Road, Sunni Muslim
48
Rashid al-Din
Created first world history, Conpendium of Histories
49
Timur
Gained control of Chagatai Khanate by 1370, attacked and destroyed Delphi, Aleppo, Damascus, Ankara, sacked Isfahan
50
Wei-so system
Guard unit of 5,600 men, reported directly to the Ministry of War, scattered along frontiers of dynasty
51
Mou
Measure unit for land in Ming Dynasty
52
Tun-tein system
Created small military settlements, provided quick access to soldiers, up to one million soldiers
53
Manchu
Descendants of the people who ruled North China as Jin Dynasty, unified under single leader, conquered Korea, allied with Mongols, gained contol of China after Ming decline
54
queu
Ponytail on men that were used as a sign of loyalty to the emperor
55
Koutouing
Part of psuedoreligious ceremomies of Confucian ideas which also included incense
56
Tributary system
Made relations for China, outsiders who wanted to interact with China comercially or diplomatically have to give the Emperor a formal request
57
Canton system
Traders lived offshore of China during the trading season, formed hongs with specific traders, overseen by a hoppo
58
Hong
Group of traders that formed companies with specific traders, bought items from Europeans
59
Hoppo
Official that oversees the Canton system, worked directly for the Emperor
60
Lord Macartney
Tried to kiss Emperor's hand during his formal request from Britain, seen as unacceptable, refused British from trading for 50 years
61
Opium
A smoking product that was thrived in China and brought to China by the British, important for the trading between the British and the Chinese and led to many wars between them
62
Comissioner Lin
1839 CE, Was sent by China to stop the opium trade, led to the Opium War
63
Opium War
1839-1842 CE, A war caused by the stoppage of the opium trade, led to many British ships and soldiers attacking many Chinese cities
64
Treaty of Nanking
1842 CE, Treaty between the British and the Chinese that allowed the British to get five more ports for trade, Hong Kong, pay for damages and debts, and pay 21 million for lost opium
65
Sino-Japanese War
1895 CE, War that the Japanese defeated the Chinese and got Korea, Russia and Japan started to attack northeasterm China
66
Most-favored-nation status
Law that said whatever gains were granted to one country have to be given to all of the other countries for trading purposes
67
Extraterritoriality
Law that said foreigners in Cina were tried under their own law system by their own judges
68
Spheres of influence
Principle were missionaries who traveled deep into China and converting other to act outside the law
69
Taiping Rebellion
1851-1864, led by Hong Xiuquan, goal was to bring about Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peacaby by restoring China into moral unity, captured several cities, and no use of opium, tobacco, wine, men and women separate, women treated poorly, Qing ended after 20 million died
70
Boxer Rebellion
1898-1901 CE, Goal was to eradicate Christianity in China and restoration of Qing power, invaded and looted Beijing, killing Christians and Western missionaries
71
Self Strengthening
1860s CE, Improve Chinese dealings with other countries by increasing military strength
72
Hundred Days reform
1898 CE, Reforms influenced by Japanese and Western ideas, created University of Beijing, changed civil service exams and elimanated government positions
73
Sun Zhongshan
1912 CE, Creator of the Revive China Society and later the Revolutionary Alliance
74
Revolutionary Alliance
1905 CE, Zhongsuan and Yatsen that led to having a Chinese revolution and representative government
75
Yuan Shikai
Made a deal that resulted in the abdication of the Qing emperor and formation of a republic in China
76
Nationalist Party
Political party of the Revolutionary Alliance, enemies of the Communist Party
77
New Culture movement
1915 CE, Questioning of the Confucin values and Chinese culture, advocated individualism and personal freedom, inspired,in youths
78
May 4th Movement
1919 CE, Movement where China sent laborers to help support the Allies and hoped Shandong would come to back China
79
Marxism
Ideas of class struggle and struggles with European and Japanese influence, inspired for Mao Zedong
80
Mao Zedong
1893-1976 CE, Leader of the Communist Party and inspired many bad things to China, enemies with the Nationalist Party,
81
Chinese Communist Party
Led by Mao Zedong, created in 1921, was a significant part of 20th century China
82
Northern Expedition
1922-1926 CE, Alliance of Nationalists and Communists to unify China under Nationalist control
83
Jiang Kai-Shek
1926 CE, The new leader of the Nationalist Party after Sun Yatsen
84
Long March
1934-1935 CE, Movement of Communists from southern to northern China led by Mao Zedong, treated women harshly, allowed Mao Zedong to become a better leader of the Communist Party
85
Rape of Nanking
1937 CE, 20,000 women raped, source of tension between Japan and China,
86
United Front
Allianc between Communsists and Nationalists to help fight against Japan, ended when Nationalist attacked Communists
87
October 1, 1949
Day of annoucement for Mao Zedong, the new government would be The People's Republic of China
88
Capitalism
Economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit
89
Labor theory of value
System that means that workers are the people who determine the price of a product, not the owners
90
Free market
Market that determines the price of a product based on its owners
91
The Communist Manfesto
1848 CE, Handbook written by Karl Marx to show the nature of the capitalist system and how the system was unfair and destructive to human society
92
Communism
Call from liberal capitalism, system felt would lead to inevitabl self destruction of capitalism, Idea that led the People's Republic of China
93
Bourgeois
Means group of people in modern society who owns the place where things are produced and who pay people by the hour for their work
94
Prolaterians
People who have no way to produce things on their own, and have ro sell labor to survive
95
Conflict in Korea
1950-1953 CE, Korea divided by 38th parallel, Kim il Sung attacled South to try to reunite Korea, instead had CCP and US against each other, secured dominance of China
96
Five Year Plan
1953-1957 CE, The rebuilding of the Communist govt. and with the help of the USSR help to double output of steel and electricity and quadruple production of steel
97
Great Leap Forward
1958-1959 CE, Where China tried to outdistance the USSR in economic development, industrial focus involved building public work projects canals, bridges, reversiors, power stations, etc., had positive effect, but party unity and agriculture programs were a disaster
98
Hundred Flowers Period
1956-1957 CE, Called by Mao, Objective was to improve and strengthen China and the party through constructive criticism, result was that the intellectuals were accused of anti-Party sentiments
99
Anti-Rightist Campaign
1956-1957 CE, Result of the Hundred Flowers Period, 3 million people were accused of harboring old, pro-capitalist ideas, 500,000 sent to rural areas for re-education through labor, others kept their jobs but lost all prestige and influence, lesson to those who wished to critique the Party and Mao, result was that the Great Leap Forward was deemed a disaster
100
Cultural Revolution
1966-1976 CE, Movement by Mao as a result of the negative effects of the Great Leap Forward, schools closed, students devoted time to Red Guard activities, including studying philosophy of Mao, traveling country in Long-March like fashion, rallies held,
101
Famine
1959-1962 CE, Three year period of malnutrition of Chinese due to farmers not having the right to move enough food to the cities, 30 million peasants starved, result from Great Leap Forward
102
Jiang Qing
Wife of Mao, began campaign against arts and other forms of expression that supported feudalism and capitalism by creating romanticized depictions of the pre-Communist past, led to student protests and student groups known as Red Guards
103
Four Modernizations
1977 CE, Idea created by Zhou Enlai, supported by Deng Xiaoping, unsupported by Jiang Qing and Gang of Four for being pro-capitalist, called for changes in agriculture, industry, science, technology, and defense, peasants allowed to sell extra produce in free markets, commune system was completely dismantled, local towns could invest in industrial venues, exports were encouraged
104
One Child Rule
1979 CE, Result of Deng's conviction that at the current rate of growth, China in a short time would be unable to feed or educate its populace, rules were that couples in cities may only have one child, couples in rural areas may have 2 or more children, couples who want more than 1 child must space them 3 or 4 years apart, school fees high enough to make extra children difficult to educate and support in rural areas, couples with extra children are subject to fines
105
Tiananmen Square Massacre
1989 CE, Result of death of Hu Yaobang, political and economic liberal, criticized by Communists and resulted in protests and full-blown protests in Beijing by students and intellectuals, movement also with a hunger strike, death toll 3,000 people, resulted in Deng retired as head of the Central Military Committee
106
shaykh
Sufi teacher
107
Safavids
Began as a Sufi order and lived under the Safavid dynasty, came from the region of Azerbaijan and conquered Iran and changed Shi'a Islam for modern Muslims
108
Qizilbash
Turkish tribal soldiers that aided the Safavid in fighting the Christian and Muslim rulers on their rise to power
109
Isma'il
1501 CE, Founder of the Safavid dynasty, changed the state religion to Shi'ism and adopted former rights and rules from the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, made wide us of slave soldiers, claimed to be a mahdi
110
Mahdi
Idea of claiming to be an imam, Isma'il calimed to be one but was questioned as the Ottoman Empire repelled several Safavid attacks
111
Ottoman Empire
1299-1922 CE, Biggest dynasty in the Middle East and Eastern Europe region, the enemy of the Safavid dynasty, repelled many Shi'a Muslim attacks who would create the Safavid had many groups separate from them during the decline of the empire including the Turks
112
Ja'Fari (Twelver) Shi'ism
Largest branch of the Shi'a Islam, official religion of the Safavid dynasty, help to benefit the Safavid and the Shi'a Ulama and helped import familial ties to the Hajj
113
Waqf
Land used for religious purposes, distributed to immigrants of the Safavid and helped strengthen the religious effect on the Safavid dynasty, built Shi'a madrasas and important shrines
114
Muharram
Major religious ten day festival commemorating al-Husayn's death that is associated with the Ramadan, showed change from the importance of the Hajj to Muharram signified the change to persecuting Sufi muslims
115
Caravanseries
Inns for travelers and their animals created by Shah Abbas' government, opened up trade and economic growth to the Safavid dynasty
116
Wahhabi'ism
Ultra-conservative branch of Islam that emphasizes fundamentals of Islam such as the importance of the Qu'ran and the Hadith, one of the calls from Sufi'ism to say that Shi'ism wasn't the legitimate religion
117
Muhammad ibn al-Wahab
Joined forces with the il Sa'ud to insist the pilgrimages were worshipping various imams, Muhammad, Ali, and Sufi saints and minor gods, rules over Saudi Arabia and is the basis of its current naming, contrasted Islam's basis of monotheism causing a raid and desecrations of many shrines and idols
118
Idolatry
Worshipping of idols and the extreme love of something or someone, used to describe the polytheistic tendencies and was eventually used to justify the destruction and desecration of various shrines
119
1979 Iranian Revolution
Fight between the secular Wahhabites and the fundamentalist Shi'a and Shah, fueled by the feud between the Wahabbites and the Shi'a, final and biggest confrontation between the two
120
Khums
One-fifth tax
121
Suleyman 1
1520-1566 CE, Tenth and longest-serving Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman reached its peak and became a world power, considered one of the most significant rulers in the world, regarded as the perfect Muslim ruler, one whom embodied all the necessary characteristics of an Islamic leader, known as the Lawgiver, expanded military empire, helped Istanbul embark on vast cultural and architectural projects, cultivator of the arts, also known as a conqueror, major player in the politics of Europe wanted to destabilize Roman Catholic Church and Holy Roman Empire, pursued policy of helping any Muslim country threatening by European expansion
122
Janissaries
17th centrury CE, Military arm of the Ottoman government, slowly took over the military and administrative posts in the government, passed these offices on to their sons, result was Ottoman ruled by a military feudal class
123
Peace Treaty of Karlowitz
1699 CE, Ended period of Austrian negotiations, Ottomans handed Austria provinces of Hungary and Transylvania
124
Shah Abbas
Lead the cultural and military apex of Safavid Dynasty, revitalized the Safavid military through the use of new Georgian and Armenian slaves, the acquisition of new weapons and the reclamation of lands that had been in the hands of military officers, improved economy by establishing factories to produce valuable trade goods, built caravansaries and Isfahan
125
Crimean War
1854-1856 CE, First major Ottoman war, Russia slowly annexing Muslim states in Central Asia, Russia found near banks of the Black Sea, Russians went to war with Ottomans because they had granted Catholic France the right to protect Christian sites in the Holy Land rather than Orthodox Russia, Britain and France allied with Ottomans, ended badly for Russia, Ottoman saw itself as being heavily controlled by Europeans
126
World War 1
1914-1919 CE, War between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers, result of the Ottoman territories that fell into European hand precipitating a crisis among European powers
127
Allied Powers
Countries of France, Russia, British Empire, later Italy and the United States, defeated Central Powers
128
Central Powers
Countries of Austria-Hungary, German empire, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire, was defeated by Allied Powers
129
Western Front
Most of the fighting in World War 1 took place here, two systems of trenches and fortifications, separated by an unoccupied space between the trenches called no man's land
130
Eastern Front
Vast eastern plains of southern Russia and the northern Ottoman Empire, scale of conflict just as large, characterized by a limited railroad network, prevented a trench warfare stalemate from developing as it did in the west
131
Treaty of Versailles
1919 CE, Result of conflict in Eastern Front, Ottomans lost all territory in Syria, Palestine, Arabia, Mesopotamia, European powers fought each other in Africa and the Middle East by encouraging revolution among the peoples there, showed end of the Ottoman Empire
132
Young Turks
1920s CE, Liberal nationalists who wished to adopt Western style governments, began an open revolt against the Ottoman government, goal of revolution was to modernize and westernize Turkey
133
Mustafa Kemal/Ataturk
1922-1928 CE, Father of the Turks, introduced a series of legislative reforms that adopted European legal systems and civil codes and thus overthrew both the Shari'a and the kanun, legislated against the Arabic call to prayer and eliminated the caliphate and all the mystiacl Sufi orders of Islam, first to theorize and put into practice the secularization of the Islamic state and society
134
Palestine
Region most important in the Arab-Israeli conflict, includes modern-day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria
135
Hezbollah
Extremist Shiite Muslim group that has close links with Iran, created after 1979 Iranian revolution, controlled southern Lebanon
136
HAMAS
Palestinian Sunni Islamic organization,and founded to establish Palestinian state incorporating present-day Israel and the West Bank
137
pogroms
an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group
138
Sephardim
Muslim Jew areas
139
Ashenazim
European Jew areas
140
Zionism
1870-1914 CE, Movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine, promoted by Moses Hess, Alfred Dreyfus, thought it would be both a good investment and an act of Christian piety
141
Hussein-McMahon Correspondence
1915-1916 CE, Series of letters between the British High commissioner of Egypt and the leader of Mecca and other parts of the Arabian Peninsula, suggested Britain support an independent Arab-led caliphate in some portion of Palestine in exchange for an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire
142
Sykes-Picot Agreement
1916 CE, Between France and Britain, concluded secret treaty dividing Ottoman lands between their two countries effective at the conclusion of the fighting, French got Syria, Lebanon, northern Iraq, British got Jordan, Iraq, and part of northern Israel, southern half of current-day Israel international zone, British mad most of the decisions
143
Balfour Declaration
1917 CE, Statement said that Britain would support a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine, so long as it did not endanger the rights of the current Arab inhabitants
144
Churchill White Paper
1922 CE, Created by a committee sent to Palestine, clarifies the British's government position on both the Balfour Declaration and on the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence
145
Pan Salavic movement
1875 CE, Goal was the unification of all Slavic peoples from Austria, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire, into a single political unity under the protection of Russians
146
Arab Revolt
1936-1939 CE, Palestinian Arabs began general strike and no paying of taxes to protest high levels of Jewish immigrants and land sales, afraid of becoming a religious and ethnic minority in their own land, demanded immediate elections, strike suspended when Peel Commission researched situation, after resumption there was armed resistance, attacks on trains and attacks on Jewish neighborhoods and individuals, British had detentions of suspects, razing of houses, executions and exiles of many Arab leaders, implicitly supported Jewish military organization Haganah, faction of Irgun responded to Arab violence with counterattacks on Arab individuals, several thousand Arabs and several hundred Jews and 200 Britons killed
147
Peel Commission Partition Plan
1937 CE, Peel Commission called for partition of Palestine and creation of two independent states: one Arab and one Jewish, Jerusalem would be international control, Jews and Arabs would move from one section to another in order to create homogeneous populations in each area, Arabs rejected plan seeing plan as extremely ominous, Jews were divided
148
MacDonald White Paper
1939 CE, British commission made recommendations, said that goal of Balfour Declaration was met, region had to be an independent Arab/Jewish state within 10 years, Jewish immigration to Palestine to be limited to 75,000 over next 5 years, British High Commissioner would have ability to limit or end land sales to Jewish immigrants
149
Resolution 181
1947 CE, UN General Assembly voted in favor of partition of Palestine, Arab Liberation Army worked with Syria within Palestine against Jewish settles, Palestines was partition as their only chance for independence
150
Israeli Independence/Israeli War of Independence
1948 CE, Arab armies attacked Israeli, Jerusalem became international protectorate of the UN, national boundaries ended up being substantially different that those suggested in original partition, 600,000 Arabs turned into refugees, end was Resolution 194
151
Resolution 194
1948 CE, Passed by UN General Assembly, gave Palestinian refugees the right to cross the border and reclaim their homes or accept compensation for them
152
Suez Crisis
1956 CE, Abdel Nassar, president of Egyptian government, had goals to dissolute the Jewish state and the construction of the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River, Egypt purchased weapons from communist countries and had raids in Gaza Strip, US and Britain reneged on their promise from Egypt to help pay for construction of dam, French were angered by Egypt's support for anti-French fighters, Egypt nationalized the Canal, Israel attacked Egypt, English and French tries to maintain peace between warring sides
153
Six Day War
1967 CE, Southern Syria served as base for periodic attacks on Israel, Egypt wanted UN forces stationed in Sinai be removed because they wanted to be able to re-arm their border with Israel, Egypt closed Straits of Tiran, Jordan, Iraq, and Syria entered conflict against Israel, Israel had Sinai Peninsula, Gaza, Golan Heights, West Bank, UN had cease fire to end conflict, 500,000 Palestinians found themselved uprooted living as refugees, end was Resolution 242
154
Resolution 242
1967 CE, Stated that Israel must leave territory it acquired in the war, every state in the region had the right to independent existence and that all regional citizens had the right to live in peace within clearly delineated national boundaries
155
1972 Munich Olympics
Arabs forced negotiations with Israel after plane hijacking and killing of 9 athletes
156
Yom Kippur War/Ramadan War
1973 CE, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Uganda, Cuba, decided to attack Israel to regain territory lost during Six Day War, IDF with US weapons repelled attacks and pressed into Syria and Egypt, resulted in conflict ending with negotiations between Israel, US, USSR, and Egypt
157
Camp David Accords
1978 CE, Peace agreement by Egypt and Israel with mediation by Jimmy Carter US President, Egypt recognized Israel's independence
158
Invasion of Lebanon
1982 CE, Israel launched attacks on Lebanon to destroy guerrilla bases, Palestinian Liberation Organization set up operations in Beirut after leaving Jordan because of violent clashes with the government and moved again to Tunisia, Lebanese Christian militia gained access to Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon, killed 2,000 refugees, Israeli Defense Minister forces to resign after being indirectly responsible for the massacre
159
First Intifada
1987-1993 CE, Single incident in Gaza Strip gave rise to mass uprising by Palestinians, fighting between Israelis and Palestinains and deaths of 1,000 people, mostly Palestinian
160
Oslo Accords
1993 CE, Israeli president, Yitzhak Rabin and Yassir Arafat negotiated in secret with US President Bill Clinton, agreed that Palestinians would end the Intifada, Israel began withdrawing from West Bank and Gazam, PLO would have limited powers of self-government in part of territories
161
Second Oslo Accords
1995 CE, Increased Palestinian self-rule and elections
162
Assassination of Yitzak Rabin
1995 CE, Assassinated by Jewish extremist, HAMAS attacks led Israelis to elect more militant government in next elections: Benjamin Netanyahu
163
Second Intifada
2000 CE, Ariel Sharon, former Israeli Defense Minister made trip to Temple Mount in Jerusalem, after months of frustration and stalled talks led to protests, violence ensued and conflict escalated into full-scale armed conflict
