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ZOO 201 > The Cellular Basis of Life > Flashcards

The Cellular Basis of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

starting point of cell biology

A

1830s

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2
Q

five (5) important contributors to the cell theory:

A
  1. Robert Hooke
  2. Robert Brown
  3. Matthias Schleiden
  4. Theodor Schwann
  5. Rudolf Virchow
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3
Q

he discovered the cell in his initial observation of plant cell walls in 1665

A

Robert Hooke

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4
Q

he discovered the nucleus

A

Robert Browne

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5
Q

colleagues that provided the first clearly stated definition of the cell in 1830s

A

Mattias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann

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6
Q

he observed plant cells

A

Matthias Schleiden

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7
Q

he observed animal cells

A

Theodor Schwann

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8
Q

all living creatures, both ____ and ____, are made out of 1 or more ____

A
  1. simple
  2. complex
  3. cells
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9
Q

it is the structural and functional unit of life

A

cell

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10
Q

what statement completed the cell theory

A

“all cells came from pre-existing cells”

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11
Q

contribution of Rudolf Virchow

A

the statement that completes the cell theory - “all cells came from preexisting cells”

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12
Q

six (6) tenets of the modern cell theory

A
  1. All living organisms are made up of cells.
  2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
  3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
  4. Hereditary information is passed from cell to cell.
  5. All cells have the basic chemical composition.
  6. Energy flows occur within cells.
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13
Q

cell acts as the _____ between living and non-living organisms

A

border

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14
Q

increasing complexity of living organisms

A
  1. cells
  2. tissues
  3. organs
  4. organ systems
  5. animals
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15
Q

decreasing complexity of non-living organisms

A
  1. cells
  2. organelles
  3. membranes
  4. macromolecules
  5. simple molecules
  6. atoms
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16
Q

two (2) broad categories

A
  1. Prokaryotic
  2. Eukaryotic
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17
Q

single-celled organisms of the two domains (bacteria and archaea)

A

Prokaryotic cells

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18
Q

multicellular organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus

A

Eukaryotic cells

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19
Q

four (4) common parts present at both categories

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. genetic material (DNA)
  4. ribosomes that make protein
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20
Q

part of prokaryotic cells where the genetic material is found

A

Nucleoid

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21
Q

what is Endosymbiotic theory by Lynn Margulis

A

it is a theory that suggests that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells and occurs when a prokaryotic cell engulfs another prokaryotic cell by endocytosis which results to eukaryotic cells

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22
Q

two (2) processes of endosymbiosis

A
  1. Primary Endosymbiosis
  2. Secondary Endosymbiosis
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23
Q

this process of symbiosis involves the uptake of a cyanobacterium by a non-photosynthetic eukaryote

A

Primary Endosymbiosis

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24
Q

this process of endosymbiosis occurs when a primary plastid alga is ingested by a photosynthetic eukaryote

A

Secondary Endosymbiosis

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25
(why are cells small?) small cells have a high ______ to ______ which allows more stuff to move in and out of the cell
surface area to volume ratio
26
(why are cells small?) if a cell goes beyond a certain limit, _____ material will be able to cross the membrane fast enough to accommodate increased volume
not enough
27
four (4) tools used for studying cells U C S/D E
1. Ultracentrifuge 2. Compound Light Microscope 3. Stereo / Dissecting Microscope 4. Electron Microscope
28
ultracentrifuge separates things by _____
density
29
this tool is commonly used to separate cell organelles / blood components
Ultracentrifuge
30
two (2) important properties of a compound light microscope
1. Resolving power 2. Magnification (about 100-1000x)
31
general functions of cells P P F A A
1. provides structure and support 2. produce energy 3. facilitate growth through mitosis 4. aids in reproduction 5. allow passive and active transport
32
three (3) parts of an animal cell
1. Plasma membrane 2. Nucleus 3. Cytoplasm
33
also called the cell membrane; found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from outside environment;
plasma membrane
34
purpose of plasma membrane
to impede foreign material from entering the cell and prevent the cellular contents from leaking out
35
two (2) components of membranes
1. lipids 2. proteins
36
carbohydrates associated with lipids
glycolipids
37
carbohydrates associated with proteins
glycoproteins
38
three (3) ways proteins can be associated with the plasma membrane
1. Intrinsic / Integral 2. Transmembrane 3. Peripheral / Extrinsic
39
(functions of plasma membrane) serve as a _____ or border
cellular barrier
40
(functions of plasma membrane) plasma membrane _____ cell
defines
41
(functions of plasma membrane) plays an important role for _____ and also for _____
1. transport 2. recognition
42
cellular membranes are _____ of lipids and protein
fluid mosaics
43
most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane
phospholipids
44
phospholipids are _____ molecules, containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
ampiphatic
45
this model states that a membrane is a fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in it
Fluid Mosaic Model
46
who proposed that cell membrane is a mosaic of proteins dispersed within the bilayer, with only the hydrophilic regions exposed to water
singer & nicolson (1972)
47
what technique supported singer & nicolson's theory?
Freeze-Fracture Theory
48
seven types of movement S F O F A E E
1. Simple diffusion 2. Facilitated diffusion 3. Osmosis 4. Filtration 5. Active transport 6. Endocytosis 7. Exocytosis
49
membrane-bound organelle that contains the genetic material: serves to maintain the integrity of the cell by facilitating transcription and replication processes; largest organelle in the cell
Nucleus
50
double-membrane that surrounds the nucleus
nuclear envelope
51
nuclear membrane contains the _______
nuclear pore
52
this is used for importing proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNA's and proteins from the nucleus
Nuclear Pore (NPC)
53
everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear compartment
Cytoplasm
54
fluid portion of the cytoplasm
cytosol
55
network of protein fibers extending throughout the fluid cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
56
supports and give structure for the cell; very dynamic and undergo remodeling
cytoplasm
57
cytoplasm is usually ____ in color
colorless
58
organelles
1. mitochondria
59
powerhouse of the cell as it is the site of respiration
mitochondria
60
compartments of mitochondria: I O M I
1. Inner membrane 2. Outer membrane 3. Matrix 4. Intermembrane space
61
includes the respiratory chain and ATP synthase
inner membrane
62
invaginations
cristae
63
permeable to larger molecules
Outer membrane
64
contains enzymes, mitochondria DNA
Matrix
65
space between the inner and outer membranes of the cell
Intermembrane cells
66
two (2) mitochondrial envelopes:
1. Inner membranes 2. Outer membranes
67
protein synthesis happens in the ________
matrix
68
mitochondria is inherited from the _____, while nuclear DNA is inherited from ________
1. mother 2. both parents
69
mitochondria is derived from the ______ of the egg cell during fertilization
cytoplasm
70
four (4) endomembrane systems E G V L
1. Endoplasmic reticulum 2. Golgi Apparatus 3. Vesicles 4. Lysosomes
71
system of tubes and chambers formed by membranes involved in synthesis, modification, processing & packaging of cellular lipids and proteins
Endomembrane systems
72
3 kinds of cytoskeleton M M IF
1. Microtubules 2. Microfilaments 3. Intermediate Filaments
73
three functions of cytoskeleton S M R
1. support 2. motility 3. regulation
74
protein subunits of microtubules
tubulin
75
protein subunits of microfilaments
actin
76
protein subunits of intermediate filaments
keratin
77
centrosome and centrioles are only located in ____ cells
animal cells
78
a microtubule organizing center
centrosome
79
each centrosome consists of how many centrioles?
2 centrioles
80
groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
tissues
81
four (4) types of tissues
1. Epithelial tissues 2. Connective Tissues 3. Muscle tissues 4. Nervous tissues
82
lines body cavities
epithelial tissues
83
five (5) classifications of epithelial tissues:
1. Simple Squamous Epithelium 2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 3. Simple Columnar Epithelium 4. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 5. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
84
2 classifications of connective tissue
1. Connective tissue proper 2. Special Type of Connective Tissue
85
2 categories of connective tissue proper
1. Loose connective tissue 2. Dense connective tissue
86
types of loose connective tissue:
1. areolar 2. adipose 3. reticular
87
types of dense connective tissue:
1. Regular 2. Irregular 3. Elastic
88
types of special connective tissue
1. cartilage 2. osseous bone 3. blood
89
concerned with contraction and movement
muscle tissues
90
categories of muscle tissues
1. skeletal muscle 2. cardiac muscle 3. smooth muscle
91
functions: transmission of signals
nervous tissue
92
cells of nervous tissue
neurons

ZOO 201 (16 decks)

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