The Invertebrates Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Kingdom Animalia (Metazoa) is composed of:
A
- Invertebrates
- Vertebrates
2
Q
animals without backbone
A
invertebrates
3
Q
animals with backbone
A
vertebrates
4
Q
95-97% of species are
A
invertebrates
5
Q
6 importance of invertebrates
A
- acts as pollinators
- acts as recyclers of nutrients
- acts as food
- acts as part of food webs
- maintenance of ecological communities
- source of pharmaceutical compounds
6
Q
5 benefits of pollinators
A
- helps 75% of crops producing fruits and seeds to pollinate
- increase biodiversity
- increase food production
- provide micronutrient-rich foods
- maintain ecosystems
7
Q
total number of invertebrate species
A
2163
8
Q
total number of invertebrate families
A
375
9
Q
total number of invertebrate orders
A
72
10
Q
2 examples of edible invertebrates
A
- Lepidoptera
- Cicada
11
Q
6 FDA Approved Marine Derived Pharmaceuticals
A
- Prialt
- Adcetris
- Cytosar-U
- Vira-A
- Eribulin
- Yondelis
12
Q
prialt is for
A
pain
13
Q
3 marine derived pharmaceuticals that is for cancer
A
- yondelis
- eribulin
- cytosar-u
14
Q
vira-a is for
A
herpes simplex
15
Q
adcetris is for
A
lymphoma
16
Q
prialt is derived from
A
Conus Magus
17
Q
pharmaceutical derived from sea squirt
A
Yondelis
18
Q
3 pharmaceuticals derived from sponge
A
- eribulin
- vira-a
- cytosar-u
19
Q
adcetris is derived from
A
wedge sea hare
20
Q
invertebrate fossils, dating between ____ and ____ million years ago, were discovered in?
A
- 575
- 543
- Ediacara Hills of Australia & in Chengjiang, China
21
Q
__-bodied fossils were first found in Chengjiang, China
A
soft
22
Q
ediacaran fossils are also called
A
“vendobionts” or cnidarian-like
23
Q
6 characteristics of the fossils in Chengjiang, China
A
- flat and plate-shaped
- segmented
- bilateral symmetry
- lived on the bottom of shallow seas
- made of soft tissues
- absorbed nutrients from the surrounding water
24
Q
544 million years ago is the
A
Cambrian period
25
what happened during the Cambrian Period
1. some animals had evolved shells, skeletons, and other hard body parts
2. animals had acquired specialized cells, tissues, and organs
3. ancestors of most modern animal phyla first appeared in the fossil record
26
best-known sites of Cambrian fossils
Burgess Shale of Canada
27
a huge radiation of marine animal life that included sponges, soft bodied arthropods and those with hard exoskeletons, the first chordates, worms, and trilobites
Cambrian Explosion
28
7 features of modern invertebrates that evolved during the Cambrian period
1. Tissues & Organs
2. Cephalization
3. Coelom
4. Symmetry
5. Patterns of early development
6. Segmentation
7. Germ Layers
29
Animal Phylogeny
1. Porifera (sponges)
2. Cnidaria (cnidarians)
3. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
4. Nematoda (roundworms)
5. Annelida (annelids)
6. Arthropoda (mollusks)
7. Echinodermata (echinoderms)
8. Chordata (humans)
30
major trends in invertebrate evolution
- features of the body plan change over time, leading to the formation of many new traits
31
body plan of sponges:
germ layers -
body symmetry -
cephalization -
coelom -
early development -
all are absent;
early development is undefined
32
body plan of cnidarians:
germ layers -
body symmetry -
cephalization -
coelom -
early development -
germ layers - two
body symmetry - radial
cephalization & coelom - absent
early development - undefined
33
body plan of flatworms:
germ layers -
body symmetry -
cephalization -
coelom -
early development -
germ layers - three
body symmetry - bilateral
cephalization - present
coelom - absent
early development - protostome
34
body plan of roundworms:
germ layers -
body symmetry -
cephalization -
coelom -
early development -
germ layers - three
body symmetry - bilateral
cephalization - present
coelom - pseudocoelom
early development - protostome
35
difference in the body plan of flatworms and roundworms
coelom is absent in flatworms but roundworms are classified as having pseudocoelom
36
body plan of annelids, mollusks, & arthropods:
germ layers -
body symmetry -
cephalization -
coelom -
early development -
germ layers - three
body symmetry - bilateral
cephalization - present
coelom - true coelom
early development - protostome
37
body plan of echinoderms:
germ layers -
body symmetry -
cephalization -
coelom -
early development -
germ layers - three
body symmetry - radial (adults)
cephalization - absent (adults)
coelom - true coelom
early development - deuterostome
38
diploblastic =
ectoderm
non-living layer
endoderm
digestive cavity
39
triploblastic =
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
digestive cavity
40
what simple animals have one germ layer and lack true tissue organization
sea sponges
41
4 examples of diploblastic animals
1. jellyfish
2. comb jellies
3. corals
4. sea anemones
42
example of complex invertebrates that are triploblastic
flatworms to echinoderms
43
all invertebrates except ____ exhibit body symmetry
sponges
44
symmetry wherein body parts are arranged around a center point
radial symmetry
45
symmetry wherein arrangement of body parts along a central line or plane
bilateral symmetry
46
any cut through the central point in radial symmetry results in
identical halves
47
characteristics of radial symmetry
1. no head, front, back
2. oral surface and an aboral surface
48
animals exhibiting bilateral symmetry
1. worms
2. mollusks
3. arthropods
49
importance of cephalization in invertebrates
they can respond to the environment in more sophisticated ways than simple invertebrates
50
in most worms and arthropods, nerve cells are arranged in structures called _____
ganglia
51
in complex invertebrates, nerve cells form an organ called ____
brain
52
group of invertebrate animals exhibiting a high degree of cephalization
cephalopods
53
it allows for compartmentalization of the body parts
coelom
54
importance of coelom
so different organ systems can evolve and nutrient transport is possible
55
3 classification of coelom
1. acoelomate
2. coelomate
3. pseudocoelomate
56
2 classification of early development
1. protostomes
2. deuterostomes
57
phylum exhibiting protostomia
1. mollusks
2. annelids
3. arthropods
58
phylum exhibiting deuterostomia
1. echinoderms
2. chordates
59
spiral and determinate;
schizocoelous
mouth develops from blastopore
protostomes
60
radial and indeterminate cleavage;
enterocoelous;
anus develops from blastopore
deuterostomes
61
solid masses of mesoderm split to form coelom
schizocoelom
62
folds of archenteron form coelom
enterocoelom
63
repetition of organs and tissues at intervals along the body of an animal, thus dividing the body into a linear series of similar parts or segments (metameres)
segmentation
64
phylum exhibiting segmentation
1. annelids
2. arthropods
65
____ have simpler organs for digestion, excretion, response, and reproduction
flatworms
66
complex animals consisting of organ systems
mollusks
arthropods
67
origin of multicellularity
1. colonial hypothesis
2. syncytial hypothesis
68
happenings in colonial hypothesis
1. ancestral protist
2. colonial protist
3. two-layered radial ancestor
4. radial animals
69
happenings in syncytial hypothesis
1. large syncytial protist
2. cell boundaries formed
3. bilateral ancestor
4. bilateral animals
70
8 major invertebrate phyla
1. porifera
2.cnidaria
3. platyhelminthes
4. nematoda
5. molluska
6. annelida
7. arthropoda
8. echinodermata
71
10 minor invertebrate phyla
1. Ctenophora
2. Nemertea
3. Gastrotricha
4. Rotifera
5. Kinorhyncha
6. Nematomorpha
7. Acanthocephala
8. Priapulida
9. Entoprocta
10. Brachiopoda
72
3 classes under phylum porifera
1. class calcarea
2. class hexactinellida
3. class demospongiae
73
phylum whose members are sessile and either asymmetrical or radially symmetrical;
body organized around a system of water canals and chambers;
cells not organized into tissues or organs
phylum porifera
74
phylum porifera has approximately ______ species
9,000
75
class of phylum porifera wherein
spicules composed of silica and usually six rayed;
spicules often fused into an intricate lattice; cup or vase shaped;
sycon or leucon body form;
found at 450 to 900 m depths in tropical West Indies and eastern Pacific
class hexactinellida
76
example of class hexactinellida
Glass sponges or Euplectella
77
class of phylum porifera wherein
spicules composed of calcium carbonate;
spicules are needle shaped or have three or four rays;
ascon, leucon, or sycon body forms
class calcarea
78
example of class calcarea
calcareous sponges, Grantia (Scypha), Leurocosolenia
79
class of phylum porifera wherein
brilliantly colored sponges with needle-shaped or four-rayed siliceous spicules or spongin, or both;
leucon body form;
up to 1 m in height and diameter
class demospongiae
80
family in class demospongiae
Spongillidae (freshwater sponges)
Cliona, Spongilla (bath sponges)
81
body forms of sponge
1. ascon
2. sycon
3. leucon
82
radial or biradial symmetry;
diploblastic organization;
a gastrovascular cavity;
cnidocytes
phylum cnidaria
83
4 classes under phylum cnidaria
1. class hydrozoa
2. class scyphozoa
3. class cubozoa
4. class anthozoa
84
class under phylum cnidaria wherein
cnidocytes present in the epidermis;
gametes produced epidermally and always released to the outside of the body;
no wandering mesenchyme cells in mesoglea;
medusae usually with a velum;
many polyps colonial;
mostly marine with some freshwater species
class hydrozoa
85
class under phylum cnidaria wherein
medusa prominent in life history;
polyp small;
gametes gastrodermal in origin;
medusa cuboidal in shape with tentacles that hang from each corner of the bell
class cubozoa
86
class under phylum cnidaria wherein
medusa prominent in the life history;
polyp small;
gametes gastrodermal in origin and released into the gastrovascular cavity;
cnidocytes present in the gastrodermis as well as epidermis;
medusa lacks velum;
mesoglea with wandering mesenchyme cells of epidermal origin
class scyphozoa
87
class under phylum porifera wherein
colonial or solitary polyps;
medusae absent;
cnidocytes present in the gastrodermis;
gametes gastrodermal in origin;
gastrovascular cavity divided by mesenteries that bear nematocysts;
internal biradial or bilateral symmetry;
mesoglea with wandering mesenchyme cells
class anthozoa
88
example of class hydrozoa (freshwater species)
Hydra
Obelia
Gonionemus
Physalia
89
examples of class scyphozoa
aurelia
90
examples of class cubozoa
chironex
91
examples of class anthozoa (Anemones and Corals)
Metridium
92
total number of species under phylum cnidaria
9,000
93
flatworms;
bilateral acoelomate
phylum platyhelminthes
94
4 classes under phylum platyhelminthes
1. class tubellaria
2. class monogenea
3. class trematoda
4. class cestoidea
95
class under phylum platyhelminthes wherein
mostly tree-living and aquatic;
external surface usually ciliated;
predaceour;
posses rhabdites, protrusible proboscis, frontal glands, and many mucous glands;
mostly hermaphroditic
Class Turbellaria
96
class under phylum platyhelminthes wherein
monogenetic flukes;
mostly ectoparasites on vertebrates;
one life cycle form in only one host;
bear opistaphor
class monogenea
97
class under phylum platyhelminthes wherein
trematodes;
parasitic;
several holdfast devices present;
have complicated life cycles involving both sexual and asexual reproduction
class trematoda
98
class under phylum platyhelminthes wherein
tapeworms;
all are parasitic with no digestive tract;
have great reproductive potential
class cestoidea
99
2 classes under phylum platyhelminthes with subclasses
1. class trematoda
2. class cestoidea
100
2 subclasses under class trematoda
1. subclass aspidogastrea
2. subclass digenea
101
2 subclasses under class cestoidea
1. susbclass cestodaria
2. subclass eucestoda
102
subclass under class trematoda wherein
mostly endoparasites of molluscs;
possess large opisthaptor;
most lack an oral sucker
subclass aspidogastrea
103
subclass under class trematoda wherein
adults endoparasites vertebrates;
at least two different lifecycle forms in two or more hosts;
have oral sucker and acetabulum
subclass digenea
104
subclass under class cestoidea wherein
body not subdivided into proglottids;
larva in crustaceans, adult in fishes
subclass cestodaria
105
subclass under class cestoidea wherein
true tapworms;
body divided into scolex, neck, and strobila;
strobila composed of many proglottids;
both male and female reproductive systems in each proglottid;
adults in digestive tract of vertebrates
subclass eucestoda
106
common parasite of humans in Asia, where over 30M people are infected
Clonorchis sinensis
107
common name of Chlonorchis sinensis
Chinese liver fluke
108
blood flukes with vast medical significant, infecting over 200M people throughout the world
Schistosomes
109
nematodes or roundworms;
about 16,000 species
phylum nematoda
110
2 classes under phylum nematoda
1. class secernentea (Phasmidea)
2. class adenophorea (Aphasmidia)
111
class under phylum nematoda wherein
paired glandular or sensory structures called phasmids in the tail region;
similar pair of structures poorly developed in anterior end;
excretory system present;
both free-living and parasitic species
class secernentea (Phasmidea)
112
class under phylum nematoda wherein
phasmids absent;
most free-living, but some parasitic species occur
class adenophorea
113
model organism in biological research
nematode
114
5 important nematode parasites
1. Ascaris lumbricoides: The Giant Intestinal Roundworm of Humans
2. Enterobius vermicularis: The Human Pinworm
3. Necator americanus: The New World Hookworm
4. Trichinella spirelis: The Porkworm
5. Wuchereria spp.: The Filarial Worms
115
coelomate animal phylum whose members possess a head-foot, visceral mass, mantle, and mantle cavity;
most also posses a radula and a calcareous shell
phylum mollusca
116
3 classes under phylum mollusca
1. class bivalvia
2. class gastropoda
3. class cephalopoda
117
class under phylum mollusca wherein
body enclosed in a shell consisting of two valves, hinged dorsally;
no head or radula;
wedge- shaped foot
class bivalvia
118
class under phylum mollusca wherein
shell, when present, usually coiled;
body symmetry distorted by torsion;
some monoecious species
class gastropoda
119
class under phylum mollusca wherein
foot modified into a circle of tentacles and a siphon;
shell reduced or absent;
head in line with the elongate visceral mass
class cephalopoda
120
second largest phylum of the invertebrate animals
phylum mollusca
121
this phylum is important to the earth's ecosystem
phylum annelida
122
phylum of triploblastic, coelomate animals whose members are metameric (segmented), elongate, and cylindrical or oval in cross section;
have a complete digestive tract;
paired, epidermal setae;
ventral nerve cord;
phylum annelida
123
3 classes under phylum annelida
1. class polychaeta
2. class oligochaeta
3. class hirudinea
124
class under phylum annelida wherein
the largest annelid class;
mostly marine;
head with eyes and tentacles;
parapodia bear numerous setae;
monoecious or dioecious;
development frequently involves a trochopore larval stage
class polychaeta
125
class under phylum annelida wherein
few setae and no parapodia;
no distinct head;
monoecious with direct development;
primarily freshwater or terrestial
class oligochaeta
126
class under phylum annelida wherein
leeches;
bodies with 34 segments;
each segment subdivided into annuli;
anterior and posterior suckers present;
monoecious with direct development;
parapodia absent;
setae reduced or absent
class hirudinea
127
first animals to live on land
arthropods
128
earliest arthropods
millipedes
129
5 sub-phylum under phylum arthropoda
1. trilobitomorpha
2. chelicerata
3. myriapoda
4. crustacea
5. hexapoda
130
sub-phylum chelicerata characteristic
"chelicera"
131
sub-phylum myriapoda characteristic
"many feet"
132
sub-phylum crustacea characteristic
"exoskeleton"
133
sub-phylum hexapoda characteristic
"six legs"
134
benthic marine invertebrates;
predators or herbivores;
influence ecological characteristics of their habitat
phylum echinodermata
135
5 examples of echinoderms
1. echinoidea
2. holothuroidea
3. crinoidea
4. asteroidea
5. ophiuroidea
