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ZOO 201 > The Invertebrates > Flashcards

The Invertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Kingdom Animalia (Metazoa) is composed of:

A
  1. Invertebrates
  2. Vertebrates
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2
Q

animals without backbone

A

invertebrates

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3
Q

animals with backbone

A

vertebrates

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4
Q

95-97% of species are

A

invertebrates

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5
Q

6 importance of invertebrates

A
  • acts as pollinators
  • acts as recyclers of nutrients
  • acts as food
  • acts as part of food webs
  • maintenance of ecological communities
  • source of pharmaceutical compounds
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6
Q

5 benefits of pollinators

A
  1. helps 75% of crops producing fruits and seeds to pollinate
  2. increase biodiversity
  3. increase food production
  4. provide micronutrient-rich foods
  5. maintain ecosystems
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7
Q

total number of invertebrate species

A

2163

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8
Q

total number of invertebrate families

A

375

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9
Q

total number of invertebrate orders

A

72

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10
Q

2 examples of edible invertebrates

A
  1. Lepidoptera
  2. Cicada
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11
Q

6 FDA Approved Marine Derived Pharmaceuticals

A
  1. Prialt
  2. Adcetris
  3. Cytosar-U
  4. Vira-A
  5. Eribulin
  6. Yondelis
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12
Q

prialt is for

A

pain

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13
Q

3 marine derived pharmaceuticals that is for cancer

A
  1. yondelis
  2. eribulin
  3. cytosar-u
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14
Q

vira-a is for

A

herpes simplex

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15
Q

adcetris is for

A

lymphoma

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16
Q

prialt is derived from

A

Conus Magus

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17
Q

pharmaceutical derived from sea squirt

A

Yondelis

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18
Q

3 pharmaceuticals derived from sponge

A
  1. eribulin
  2. vira-a
  3. cytosar-u
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19
Q

adcetris is derived from

A

wedge sea hare

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20
Q

invertebrate fossils, dating between ____ and ____ million years ago, were discovered in?

A
  1. 575
  2. 543
  3. Ediacara Hills of Australia & in Chengjiang, China
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21
Q

__-bodied fossils were first found in Chengjiang, China

A

soft

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22
Q

ediacaran fossils are also called

A

“vendobionts” or cnidarian-like

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23
Q

6 characteristics of the fossils in Chengjiang, China

A
  1. flat and plate-shaped
  2. segmented
  3. bilateral symmetry
  4. lived on the bottom of shallow seas
  5. made of soft tissues
  6. absorbed nutrients from the surrounding water
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24
Q

544 million years ago is the

A

Cambrian period

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25
Q

what happened during the Cambrian Period

A
  1. some animals had evolved shells, skeletons, and other hard body parts
  2. animals had acquired specialized cells, tissues, and organs
  3. ancestors of most modern animal phyla first appeared in the fossil record
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26
Q

best-known sites of Cambrian fossils

A

Burgess Shale of Canada

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27
Q

a huge radiation of marine animal life that included sponges, soft bodied arthropods and those with hard exoskeletons, the first chordates, worms, and trilobites

A

Cambrian Explosion

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28
Q

7 features of modern invertebrates that evolved during the Cambrian period

A
  1. Tissues & Organs
  2. Cephalization
  3. Coelom
  4. Symmetry
  5. Patterns of early development
  6. Segmentation
  7. Germ Layers
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29
Q

Animal Phylogeny

A
  1. Porifera (sponges)
  2. Cnidaria (cnidarians)
  3. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
  4. Nematoda (roundworms)
  5. Annelida (annelids)
  6. Arthropoda (mollusks)
  7. Echinodermata (echinoderms)
  8. Chordata (humans)
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30
Q

major trends in invertebrate evolution

A
  • features of the body plan change over time, leading to the formation of many new traits
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31
Q

body plan of sponges:

germ layers -
body symmetry -
cephalization -
coelom -
early development -

A

all are absent;
early development is undefined

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32
Q

body plan of cnidarians:

germ layers -
body symmetry -
cephalization -
coelom -
early development -

A

germ layers - two
body symmetry - radial
cephalization & coelom - absent
early development - undefined

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33
Q

body plan of flatworms:

germ layers -
body symmetry -
cephalization -
coelom -
early development -

A

germ layers - three
body symmetry - bilateral
cephalization - present
coelom - absent
early development - protostome

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34
Q

body plan of roundworms:

germ layers -
body symmetry -
cephalization -
coelom -
early development -

A

germ layers - three
body symmetry - bilateral
cephalization - present
coelom - pseudocoelom
early development - protostome

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35
Q

difference in the body plan of flatworms and roundworms

A

coelom is absent in flatworms but roundworms are classified as having pseudocoelom

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36
Q

body plan of annelids, mollusks, & arthropods:

germ layers -
body symmetry -
cephalization -
coelom -
early development -

A

germ layers - three
body symmetry - bilateral
cephalization - present
coelom - true coelom
early development - protostome

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37
Q

body plan of echinoderms:

germ layers -
body symmetry -
cephalization -
coelom -
early development -

A

germ layers - three
body symmetry - radial (adults)
cephalization - absent (adults)
coelom - true coelom
early development - deuterostome

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38
Q

diploblastic =

A

ectoderm
non-living layer
endoderm
digestive cavity

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39
Q

triploblastic =

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
digestive cavity

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40
Q

what simple animals have one germ layer and lack true tissue organization

A

sea sponges

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41
Q

4 examples of diploblastic animals

A
  1. jellyfish
  2. comb jellies
  3. corals
  4. sea anemones
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42
Q

example of complex invertebrates that are triploblastic

A

flatworms to echinoderms

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43
Q

all invertebrates except ____ exhibit body symmetry

A

sponges

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44
Q

symmetry wherein body parts are arranged around a center point

A

radial symmetry

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45
Q

symmetry wherein arrangement of body parts along a central line or plane

A

bilateral symmetry

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46
Q

any cut through the central point in radial symmetry results in

A

identical halves

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47
Q

characteristics of radial symmetry

A
  1. no head, front, back
  2. oral surface and an aboral surface
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48
Q

animals exhibiting bilateral symmetry

A
  1. worms
  2. mollusks
  3. arthropods
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49
Q

importance of cephalization in invertebrates

A

they can respond to the environment in more sophisticated ways than simple invertebrates

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50
Q

in most worms and arthropods, nerve cells are arranged in structures called _____

A

ganglia

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51
Q

in complex invertebrates, nerve cells form an organ called ____

A

brain

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52
Q

group of invertebrate animals exhibiting a high degree of cephalization

A

cephalopods

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53
Q

it allows for compartmentalization of the body parts

A

coelom

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54
Q

importance of coelom

A

so different organ systems can evolve and nutrient transport is possible

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55
Q

3 classification of coelom

A
  1. acoelomate
  2. coelomate
  3. pseudocoelomate
56
Q

2 classification of early development

A
  1. protostomes
  2. deuterostomes
57
Q

phylum exhibiting protostomia

A
  1. mollusks
  2. annelids
  3. arthropods
58
Q

phylum exhibiting deuterostomia

A
  1. echinoderms
  2. chordates
59
Q

spiral and determinate;

schizocoelous

mouth develops from blastopore

A

protostomes

60
Q

radial and indeterminate cleavage;

enterocoelous;

anus develops from blastopore

A

deuterostomes

61
Q

solid masses of mesoderm split to form coelom

A

schizocoelom

62
Q

folds of archenteron form coelom

A

enterocoelom

63
Q

repetition of organs and tissues at intervals along the body of an animal, thus dividing the body into a linear series of similar parts or segments (metameres)

A

segmentation

64
Q

phylum exhibiting segmentation

A
  1. annelids
  2. arthropods
65
Q

____ have simpler organs for digestion, excretion, response, and reproduction

A

flatworms

66
Q

complex animals consisting of organ systems

A

mollusks
arthropods

67
Q

origin of multicellularity

A
  1. colonial hypothesis
  2. syncytial hypothesis
68
Q

happenings in colonial hypothesis

A
  1. ancestral protist
  2. colonial protist
  3. two-layered radial ancestor
  4. radial animals
69
Q

happenings in syncytial hypothesis

A
  1. large syncytial protist
  2. cell boundaries formed
  3. bilateral ancestor
  4. bilateral animals
70
Q

8 major invertebrate phyla

A
  1. porifera
    2.cnidaria
  2. platyhelminthes
  3. nematoda
  4. molluska
  5. annelida
  6. arthropoda
  7. echinodermata
71
Q

10 minor invertebrate phyla

A
  1. Ctenophora
  2. Nemertea
  3. Gastrotricha
  4. Rotifera
  5. Kinorhyncha
  6. Nematomorpha
  7. Acanthocephala
  8. Priapulida
  9. Entoprocta
  10. Brachiopoda
72
Q

3 classes under phylum porifera

A
  1. class calcarea
  2. class hexactinellida
  3. class demospongiae
73
Q

phylum whose members are sessile and either asymmetrical or radially symmetrical;

body organized around a system of water canals and chambers;

cells not organized into tissues or organs

A

phylum porifera

74
Q

phylum porifera has approximately ______ species

A

9,000

75
Q

class of phylum porifera wherein

spicules composed of silica and usually six rayed;

spicules often fused into an intricate lattice; cup or vase shaped;

sycon or leucon body form;

found at 450 to 900 m depths in tropical West Indies and eastern Pacific

A

class hexactinellida

76
Q

example of class hexactinellida

A

Glass sponges or Euplectella

77
Q

class of phylum porifera wherein

spicules composed of calcium carbonate;

spicules are needle shaped or have three or four rays;

ascon, leucon, or sycon body forms

A

class calcarea

78
Q

example of class calcarea

A

calcareous sponges, Grantia (Scypha), Leurocosolenia

79
Q

class of phylum porifera wherein

brilliantly colored sponges with needle-shaped or four-rayed siliceous spicules or spongin, or both;

leucon body form;

up to 1 m in height and diameter

A

class demospongiae

80
Q

family in class demospongiae

A

Spongillidae (freshwater sponges)
Cliona, Spongilla (bath sponges)

81
Q

body forms of sponge

A
  1. ascon
  2. sycon
  3. leucon
82
Q

radial or biradial symmetry;
diploblastic organization;
a gastrovascular cavity;
cnidocytes

A

phylum cnidaria

83
Q

4 classes under phylum cnidaria

A
  1. class hydrozoa
  2. class scyphozoa
  3. class cubozoa
  4. class anthozoa
84
Q

class under phylum cnidaria wherein

cnidocytes present in the epidermis;

gametes produced epidermally and always released to the outside of the body;

no wandering mesenchyme cells in mesoglea;

medusae usually with a velum;

many polyps colonial;

mostly marine with some freshwater species

A

class hydrozoa

85
Q

class under phylum cnidaria wherein

medusa prominent in life history;

polyp small;

gametes gastrodermal in origin;

medusa cuboidal in shape with tentacles that hang from each corner of the bell

A

class cubozoa

86
Q

class under phylum cnidaria wherein

medusa prominent in the life history;

polyp small;

gametes gastrodermal in origin and released into the gastrovascular cavity;

cnidocytes present in the gastrodermis as well as epidermis;

medusa lacks velum;

mesoglea with wandering mesenchyme cells of epidermal origin

A

class scyphozoa

87
Q

class under phylum porifera wherein

colonial or solitary polyps;

medusae absent;

cnidocytes present in the gastrodermis;

gametes gastrodermal in origin;

gastrovascular cavity divided by mesenteries that bear nematocysts;

internal biradial or bilateral symmetry;

mesoglea with wandering mesenchyme cells

A

class anthozoa

88
Q

example of class hydrozoa (freshwater species)

A

Hydra
Obelia
Gonionemus
Physalia

89
Q

examples of class scyphozoa

A

aurelia

90
Q

examples of class cubozoa

A

chironex

91
Q

examples of class anthozoa (Anemones and Corals)

A

Metridium

92
Q

total number of species under phylum cnidaria

A

9,000

93
Q

flatworms;

bilateral acoelomate

A

phylum platyhelminthes

94
Q

4 classes under phylum platyhelminthes

A
  1. class tubellaria
  2. class monogenea
  3. class trematoda
  4. class cestoidea
95
Q

class under phylum platyhelminthes wherein

mostly tree-living and aquatic;

external surface usually ciliated;

predaceour;

posses rhabdites, protrusible proboscis, frontal glands, and many mucous glands;

mostly hermaphroditic

A

Class Turbellaria

96
Q

class under phylum platyhelminthes wherein

monogenetic flukes;

mostly ectoparasites on vertebrates;

one life cycle form in only one host;

bear opistaphor

A

class monogenea

97
Q

class under phylum platyhelminthes wherein

trematodes;

parasitic;

several holdfast devices present;

have complicated life cycles involving both sexual and asexual reproduction

A

class trematoda

98
Q

class under phylum platyhelminthes wherein

tapeworms;

all are parasitic with no digestive tract;

have great reproductive potential

A

class cestoidea

99
Q

2 classes under phylum platyhelminthes with subclasses

A
  1. class trematoda
  2. class cestoidea
100
Q

2 subclasses under class trematoda

A
  1. subclass aspidogastrea
  2. subclass digenea
101
Q

2 subclasses under class cestoidea

A
  1. susbclass cestodaria
  2. subclass eucestoda
102
Q

subclass under class trematoda wherein

mostly endoparasites of molluscs;

possess large opisthaptor;

most lack an oral sucker

A

subclass aspidogastrea

103
Q

subclass under class trematoda wherein

adults endoparasites vertebrates;

at least two different lifecycle forms in two or more hosts;

have oral sucker and acetabulum

A

subclass digenea

104
Q

subclass under class cestoidea wherein

body not subdivided into proglottids;

larva in crustaceans, adult in fishes

A

subclass cestodaria

105
Q

subclass under class cestoidea wherein

true tapworms;

body divided into scolex, neck, and strobila;

strobila composed of many proglottids;

both male and female reproductive systems in each proglottid;

adults in digestive tract of vertebrates

A

subclass eucestoda

106
Q

common parasite of humans in Asia, where over 30M people are infected

A

Clonorchis sinensis

107
Q

common name of Chlonorchis sinensis

A

Chinese liver fluke

108
Q

blood flukes with vast medical significant, infecting over 200M people throughout the world

A

Schistosomes

109
Q

nematodes or roundworms;

about 16,000 species

A

phylum nematoda

110
Q

2 classes under phylum nematoda

A
  1. class secernentea (Phasmidea)
  2. class adenophorea (Aphasmidia)
111
Q

class under phylum nematoda wherein

paired glandular or sensory structures called phasmids in the tail region;

similar pair of structures poorly developed in anterior end;

excretory system present;

both free-living and parasitic species

A

class secernentea (Phasmidea)

112
Q

class under phylum nematoda wherein

phasmids absent;

most free-living, but some parasitic species occur

A

class adenophorea

113
Q

model organism in biological research

A

nematode

114
Q

5 important nematode parasites

A
  1. Ascaris lumbricoides: The Giant Intestinal Roundworm of Humans
  2. Enterobius vermicularis: The Human Pinworm
  3. Necator americanus: The New World Hookworm
  4. Trichinella spirelis: The Porkworm
  5. Wuchereria spp.: The Filarial Worms
115
Q

coelomate animal phylum whose members possess a head-foot, visceral mass, mantle, and mantle cavity;

most also posses a radula and a calcareous shell

A

phylum mollusca

116
Q

3 classes under phylum mollusca

A
  1. class bivalvia
  2. class gastropoda
  3. class cephalopoda
117
Q

class under phylum mollusca wherein

body enclosed in a shell consisting of two valves, hinged dorsally;

no head or radula;

wedge- shaped foot

A

class bivalvia

118
Q

class under phylum mollusca wherein

shell, when present, usually coiled;

body symmetry distorted by torsion;

some monoecious species

A

class gastropoda

119
Q

class under phylum mollusca wherein

foot modified into a circle of tentacles and a siphon;

shell reduced or absent;

head in line with the elongate visceral mass

A

class cephalopoda

120
Q

second largest phylum of the invertebrate animals

A

phylum mollusca

121
Q

this phylum is important to the earth’s ecosystem

A

phylum annelida

122
Q

phylum of triploblastic, coelomate animals whose members are metameric (segmented), elongate, and cylindrical or oval in cross section;

have a complete digestive tract;

paired, epidermal setae;

ventral nerve cord;

A

phylum annelida

123
Q

3 classes under phylum annelida

A
  1. class polychaeta
  2. class oligochaeta
  3. class hirudinea
124
Q

class under phylum annelida wherein

the largest annelid class;

mostly marine;

head with eyes and tentacles;

parapodia bear numerous setae;

monoecious or dioecious;

development frequently involves a trochopore larval stage

A

class polychaeta

125
Q

class under phylum annelida wherein

few setae and no parapodia;

no distinct head;

monoecious with direct development;

primarily freshwater or terrestial

A

class oligochaeta

126
Q

class under phylum annelida wherein

leeches;

bodies with 34 segments;

each segment subdivided into annuli;

anterior and posterior suckers present;

monoecious with direct development;

parapodia absent;

setae reduced or absent

A

class hirudinea

127
Q

first animals to live on land

A

arthropods

128
Q

earliest arthropods

A

millipedes

129
Q

5 sub-phylum under phylum arthropoda

A
  1. trilobitomorpha
  2. chelicerata
  3. myriapoda
  4. crustacea
  5. hexapoda
130
Q

sub-phylum chelicerata characteristic

A

“chelicera”

131
Q

sub-phylum myriapoda characteristic

A

“many feet”

132
Q

sub-phylum crustacea characteristic

A

“exoskeleton”

133
Q

sub-phylum hexapoda characteristic

A

“six legs”

134
Q

benthic marine invertebrates;

predators or herbivores;

influence ecological characteristics of their habitat

A

phylum echinodermata

135
Q

5 examples of echinoderms

A
  1. echinoidea
  2. holothuroidea
  3. crinoidea
  4. asteroidea
  5. ophiuroidea

ZOO 201 (16 decks)

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