The Vertebrates

Question 1

relatives of chordates

Answer 1

1. phylum echinodermata
2. phylum hemichordata

Question 2

basal group within the deuterostome lineage and sister to the chordates

Answer 2

ambulacraria

Question 3

3 characteristics of ambulacraria

Answer 3

1. tripartite coelom
2. similar larval forms
3. axial complex

Question 4

tripartite coelom

Answer 4

1. perivisceral
2. hydrocoel
3. hermal

Question 5

2 similar larval forms

Answer 5

1. bipinnaria
2. tornaria

Question 6

axial complex

Answer 6

specialized metanephridium

Question 7

similarities of echinoderms and chordates

Answer 7

1. shared deuterostome development
2. both ambulacrarians (Echinoderms and hemichordates)
3. have similar larvae

Question 8

share numerous developmental similarities with both chordates and echinoderms and hold great promise for providing insights into early origins of both chordate and deuterostome development

Answer 8

hemichordates

Question 9

invertebrate chordates

Answer 9

photochordates

Question 10

4 characteristics of chordates

Answer 10

1. notochord
2. dorsal hollow nerve cord
3. post-anal tail
4. pharyngeal slits

Question 11

represent the most basally divergent lineage of chordates, being the sister group of urochordates and vertebrates

Answer 11

cephalochordates (Amphioxus)

Question 12

constitute a large group of marine animals whose recent common ancestry with vertebrates is reflected in their tadpole-like larvae

Answer 12

urochordates (Tunicates)

Question 13

body plan of vertebrates

Answer 13

1. head
2. neural tube
3. notochord
4. trunk
5. tail

Question 14

classification of vertebrates

Answer 14

1. superclass agnatha
2. superclass gnathostomata

Question 15

2 classes under superclass agnatha

Answer 15

1. class myxini (hagfish)
2. class cephalaspidomorphi (lamprey)

Question 16

7 classes under superclass gnasthomata

Answer 16

1. class chondrichthyes
2. class actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
3. class sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
4. class amphibia
5. class reptilia
6. class aves
7. class mammalia

Question 17

unusual animals;

lampreys are ectoparasites;

hagfish are deep sea scavengers;

lack paired fins / limbs;

lack mineralized skeleton

Answer 17

agnathans

Question 18

examples of SC Elasmobranchii under class chondrichthyes

Answer 18

• sharks
• ray skates

Question 19

examples of SC Holosephali under class chondrichthyes

Answer 19

• chimaraes

Question 20

dominant class of vertebrates;

comprise 99% of 30k fish species;

fins supported by horny spines (rays)

Answer 20

class actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)

Question 21

fleshy lobed fins;

includes caelacanths (Latimeria) and lung fish

Answer 21

class sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)

Question 22

first vertebrate to inhabit land;

includes frog, salamanders & caecilians;

with more complicated gas exchange organs

Answer 22

class amphibia

Question 23

classification of amphibia

Answer 23

1. order anura / salienta (frogs and toads)
2. order caudata (salamanders and newts)
3. order apoda / gymnophiona (caecilans)

Question 24

7,000 + species;

first vertebrate to possess amnion;

includes creeping, burrowing terrestial animals,

ectotherms, with dry skin and scales;

includes lizard, snakes, turtles and crocodiles

Answer 24

class reptilia

Question 25

classification of class reptilia

Answer 25

1. order rhynchocephalia 2. order squamata (snakes & lizards) 3. order testudines / chelonia (turtles & tortoises) 4. order crocodilia (alligators & crocodiles)

Question 26

very primitive reptiles; lizard-like, with well developed parietal eye

Answer 26

order rhynchoocephalia

Question 27

most successful and diverse group of living reptiles

Answer 27

order squamata

Question 28

modern reptiles; possess a hard dorsal shell

Answer 28

order testudines / chelonia (turtles & tortoises)

Question 29

true reptiles; includes 21 species; order most closely related too dinosaurs

Answer 29

order crocodilia (alligators & crocodiles)

Question 30

Caiman

Answer 30

alligator

Question 31

Gavial

Answer 31

crocodile

Question 32

evolved from dinosaurs during mesozoic era; amniotic eggs and scales (legs); adapted for flight; endotherms

Answer 32

class aves

Question 33

selected orders under class aves

Answer 33

1. order passeriformes 2. order strigiformes 3. order galliformes 4. order sphenisciformes

Question 34

largest avian order; 69 faamilies of perching birds; with four toes, three directed toward and one backward

Answer 34

order passeriformes

Question 35

members possess large head with fixed eyes directed forward; raptorial foot; 200 species

Answer 35

class aves

Question 36

includes heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds

Answer 36

order galliformes

Question 37

group of aquatic flightless birds; heavy bodied and with well insulated fat; exclusively found in the Southern Hemisphere except for Galapagos penguin found in the north of the equator

Answer 37

Order Sphenisciformes

Question 38

evolved from mammal-like reptiles called THERAPSIDS; mammary gland and hair; specialized teeth; endotherms; viviparous; large brain

Answer 38

class mammalia

Question 39

2 sublcasses under class mammalia

Answer 39

1. subclass protheria 2. subclass theira

Question 40

3 infraclass under subclass theira

Answer 40

1. infraclass ornithodelphia 2. infraclass metheteria 3. infraclass eutheria

Question 41

this subclass formerly contained the monotremes; currently contains only extinct species

Answer 41

subclass protheira

Question 42

technical characteristics of the skull distinguish members of this subclass

Answer 42

subclass theria

Question 43

technical characteristics of the skull distinguish the members of this infraclass, monotremes

Answer 43

infraclass ornithodelphia

Question 44

viviparous; primitive placenta; young are born early and often are carried in a marsupial pouch on the female's belly; Marsupials

Answer 44

infraclass metetheria

Question 45

complex placenta; young develop to advanceed stage prior to birth; Placentals

Answer 45

infraclass Eutheria

Question 46

early branch from reptilian line; egg laying mammals (oviaparous); include platypus & ehidna (spiny anteater)

Answer 46

Monotremes

Question 47

do not develop placentas; give birth to young very early; mammary glands found in pouch; nourish young until development is complete

Answer 47

Marsupials

Question 48

complete embryonic development in uterus; embryos are joined to parent by organ called placenta

Answer 48

Placental mammals

Question 49

10 orders of placental mammals (included in reporting)

Answer 49

1. order xenartha 2. order pholidota 3. order lagomorpha 4. order macroscelidea 5. order scandentia 6. order dermoptera 7. order cetacea 8. order tubulidentata 9. order hyracoidea 10. order sirenia

Question 50

8 orders of placental mammals not included in reporting

Answer 50

1. order rodentia 2. order primates 3. order ciroptera 4. order carnivora 5. order insectivora 6. order artiodactyla 7. order perissodactyla 8. order proboscidea

Question 51

phylogeny of bilateria metazoa

Answer 51

1. clade loophotrochozoa 2. clade ecdysozoa 3. clade deuterostomia

Question 52

5 phyla under clade lophptrochozoa

Answer 52

1. annelida 2. mollusca 3. brachiopoda 4. nemertea 5. platyhelminthes

Question 53

5 phyla under clade ecdysozoa

Answer 53

1. arthropoda 2. onychophora 3. nematoda 4. priapula 5. kinorhyncha

Question 54

3 phyla under clade deuterostomia

Answer 54

1. echinodermata 2. hemichordata 3. chordata