The Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
six (6) characteristics of life
C
G
R
C
H
M
A
- Chemical Uniqueness
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Complexity and Hierarchical Organization
- Homeostasis
- Metabolism
2
Q
basic substance that cannot be simplified or broken down into simpler units by ordinary chemical reaction
A
Element
3
Q
substance with 1 or more element
A
Compound
4
Q
smallest amount of an element
A
Atom
5
Q
two or more atoms chemically joined together
A
Molecule
6
Q
96% of living organisms are made of (most abundant elements):
A
- Carbon (C)
- Hydrogen (H)
- Oxygen (O)
- Nitrogen (N)
7
Q
fifteen (15) naturally occurring elements in animals:
A
- Oxygen (O)
- Carbon (C)
- Hydrogen (H)
- Nitrogen (N)
- Calcium (Ca)
- Phosphorus (P)
- Potassium (K)
- Sulfur (S)
- Sodium (Na)
- Chlorine (Cl)
- Magnesium (Mg)
- Manganese (Mn)
- Iron (Fe)
- Copper (Cu)
- Iodine (I)
8
Q
Biochemistry is essential for understanding the ______ and ______ of animals because body functions involve ________ in structural units, such as _______
A
- structure
- function
- chemical changes
- cells
9
Q
biological systems follow the _____ and _____ laws
A
- physical
- chemical
10
Q
current number of elements in the periodic table
A
118
11
Q
six (6) vital elements in life:
A
- Hydrogen (H)
- Carbon (C)
- Nitrogen (N)
- Oxygen (O)
- Phosphorus (P)
- Sulfur (S)
12
Q
six (6) essential elements (trace elements):
A
- Silicon (Si)
- Chlorine (Cl)
- Magnesium (Mg)
- Potassium (K)
- Copper (Cu)
- Zinc (Zn)
13
Q
percentage composition of carbon in living organisms:
A
18.5%
14
Q
percentage composition of oxygen in living organisms:
A
65%
15
Q
percentage composition of hydrogen in living organisms:
A
9.5%
16
Q
percentage composition of nitrogen in living organisms:
A
3.3%
17
Q
percentage composition of trace elements in living organisms:
A
0.01%
18
Q
when can you say that an element is stable?
A
when the number of protons and electrons are the same
19
Q
the number of protons is always equal to the ______
A
atomic number
20
Q
what do you call an element that has unequal number of protons & electrons
A
ionized elements
21
Q
variants of a particular chemical element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
A
isotopes
22
Q
three (3) naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen:
A
- Protium
- Deuterium
- Tritium
23
Q
number of neutrons in protium
A
0
24
Q
number of neutrons in deuterium
A
1
25
number of neutrons in tritium
2
26
neutrons of carbon 12
6
27
neutrons of carbon 13
7
28
neutrons of carbon 14
8
29
seven (7) radioactive isotopes applied in medicine
1. Cobalt-60
2. Iodine-131
3. Carbon-14
4. Carbon-11
5. Sodium-24
6. Thallium-201
7. Technetium-99
30
six (6) radioactive isotopes applied in research:
1. Carbon-14
2. Phosphorus-32
3. Phosphorus-33
4. Selenium-65
5. Strontium-85
6. hydrogen-3 (Tritium)
31
two (2) metabolic processes:
1. Anabolism
2. Catabolism
32
which metabolic process is endothermic?
Anabolism
33
which metabolic process is exothermic?
Catabolism
34
it is a kind of reaction that take in and use energy within the reaction
Endothermic
35
it is a kind of reaction wherein energy is released
Exothermic
36
metabolism process that absorbs energy;
build complex molecules from simpler ones
Anabolism
37
term used when referring to small mollecules
building blocks
38
term used when small molecules are bonded together
polymers
39
three (3) important polymers
1. carbohydrates
2. proteins
3. nucleic acids (DNA)
40
polymers built from sugars
carbohydrates
41
polymers built from amino acids
proteins
42
polymers built from nucleotides
nucleic acids (DNA)
43
three (3) functions involved in synthesis:
1. repair
2. growth
3. reproduction
44
energy-releasing;
breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones
Catabolism
45
example of anabolic process:
synthesis
46
example of catabolic process
digestion
47
two (2) processes of digestion
1. getting raw materials (for synthesis and growth)
2. making energy / ATP (for synthesis, growth, and other functions)
48
______ produces ATP
glycolysis
49
three (3) elements in glucose:
1. Hydrogen
2. Carbon
3. Oxygen
50
how many pyruvates are produced by glycolysis?
2 pyruvates
51
water means ____ because it has ____ composition
1. life
2. 75%
52
water participates in two (2) chemical reactions of sucrose:
1. dehydration synthesis
2. hydrolysis
53
combines atoms with the removal of elements
the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released
dehydration synthesis
54
breaks apart molecules with the addition of water
the reaction of an organic chemical with water to form two or more new substances
hydrolysis
55
an organic molecule that includes carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and nucleic acids
biomolecules
56
compounds of animal life
organic molelcules
57
four (4) organic molecules:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. RNA / DNA
58
which organic molecules has the ff. functions:
- provide energy through oxidation
- supply carbon for the synthesis of cell components
- serves as a form of stored energy
- form part of structures of some cells and tissues
Carbohydrates
59
(characteristics of carbohydrates)
how may carbons are there?
3-7 carbons
60
(characteristics of carbohydrates)
name ends in ______
-ose
61
(characteristics of carbohydrates)
monosaccharides and disaccharides _____ in water and are rapidly distributed
dissolve
62
(characteristic of carbohydrates)
chains can be _____ or ______
1. straight
2. highly branched
63
(characteristic of carbohydrates)
_______ in liver and muscle
Glycogen
64
______ do not dissolve in water and are not "sweet"
Polysacharrides
65
(characteristic of carbohydrates)
includes ______, ______, ______, and ______
1. sugar
2. starches
3. glycogen
4. cellulose
66
(characteristic of carbohydrates)
_____ and ____ can have the same formula but different in shape
1. glucose
2. fructose
67
(characteristic of carbohydrates)
monosaccharides are the ______
monomers
68
(characteristic of carbohydrates)
________ are formed by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides
69
(physical properties of monosaccharides)
have a _____ taste
sweet
70
(physical properties of monosaccharides)
extremely _______ in water
soluble
71
(physical properties of monosaccharides)
______ at room temperature
solid
72
(physical properties of monosaccharides)
______ can dissolve in minute amounts of water to make a syrup
Glucose
73
five (5) important monosaccharides:
1. Ribose
2. Deoxyribose
3. Galactose
4. Glucose
5. Fructose
74
this important monosaccharide forms the sugar backbone of ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Ribose
75
this important monosaccharide forms the sugar backbone of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Deoxyribose
76
this important monosaccharide incorporated with glucose into lactose (milk sugar)
Galactose
77
this important monosaccharide is also known as dextrose and blood sugar, present in honey and fruits
Glucose
78
(definition of glucose)
glucose is _____ in the body for energy
metabolized
79
(definition of glucose)
other sugars absorbed in the body must be converted to glucose by the ______
liver
80
three (3) important disaccharides:
1. Lactose
2. Maltose
3. Sucrose
81
this important monosaccharide is also known as levulose and fruit sugar
Fructose
82
it is the sweetest of the monosaccharides
Fructose
83
this important disaccharide is also known as milk sugar
Lactose
84
(definition of lactose)
this disaccharide constitutes ____ % of cow's milk and _____% of human milk
1. 5%
2. 7%
85
(definition of lactose)
lactose is digested by what enzyme?
lactase
86
this important disaccharide is also known as malt sugar
Maltose
87
(definition of maltose)
maltose is found in ______ such as barley
germinating grains
88
what important disaccharide is formed during the hydrolysis of starch to glucose during digestion
Maltose
89
(definition of maltose)
maltose is a ______ sugar because it has a _____ group
1. reducing sugar
2. hemiacetal group
90
example of oligosaccharide
Raffinose
91
______ is an oligosaccharide found in peas and beans;
largely undigested until reaching the intestinal flora in the large intestine, releasing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and methane
Raffinose
92
oligosaccharides contains ______ monosaccharide units
3 to 10
93
polysaccharide contains ______ or _____ of carbohydrate units
hundreds or thousands
94
three (3) important polysaccharides:
1. Glycogen
2. Cellulose
3. Starch
95
this important polysaccharide is a core protein of glycogenin and is surrounded by branches of glucose units
Glycogen
96
which organic molecules has the ff. functions:
- growth and maintenance
- causes biochemical reactions
- act as messenger
- provides structure
- immunity / defense
- transport of nutrients
Proteins
97
(characteristics of proteins)
supply ____ and build some cell structures
energy
98
(characteristics of proteins)
contain the four most abundant elements namely:
1. Carbon
2. Oxygen
3. Hydrogen
4. Nitrogen
99
(characteristics of proteins)
protein is made up of _____
amino acids
100
(characteristics of proteins)
three (3) amino acids present in proteins
1. Amino Group -NH2
2. Carboxyl (acid) group -COOH
3. Side chain or R group
101
four (4) structural formulas of various amino acids:
1. Primary structure
2. Secondary structure
3. Tertiary structure
4. Quaternary structure
102
a protein's structure determines its ____
function
103
if protein loses its structure, it is_____, and no longer functions
denatured
104
event in primary structure:
polypeptide strand
105
event in secondary structure
alpha helix and pleated sheets (with 3 polypeptide strands)
106
event in tertiary structure
folded alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
107
event in quaternary structure
two or more polypeptides in their folded states
108
this structure of the protein is due to hydrogen bonds that form between the oxygen atom of one amino acid and the nitrogen atom of another
secondary structure
109
in this structure, the long chain of amino acids becomes folded into a three-dimensional functional shape;
this is when certain amino acids with sulfhydryl or SH groups form disulfide (S-S) bonds with other amino acids in the same chain
Tertiary structure
110
this structure is due to several polypeptides joining together, as in the case of antibody molecules
Quaternary structure
111
which organic biomolecule has the ff. functions:
- concentrated chemical energy
- energy storehouses (triglycerides)
- structural component of cell membranes
- act as signaling molecules
Lipids
112
(characteristics of lipids)
contains the most abundant elements except one which is _____
Nitrogen
113
(characteristics of lipids)
ratio of Carbon and Hydrogen
1:2
114
(characteristics of lipids)
lipids tend to be _____
hydrophobic (nonpolar)
115
(characteristics of lipids)
lipids tend to be ____ in water (blood)
insoluble
116
(characteristics of lipids)
lipids can be ____ or _____
simple or compound
117
_____ is a small organic molecule with three hydroxyl (OH) groups
Glycerol
118
_____ consists of a long hydrocarbon chain attached to a carboxyl group
Fatty acid
119
two (2) simple lipids:
1. Triglycerides
2. Waxes
120
three (3) compound lipids:
1. Phospholipids
2. Sphingolipids
3. Glycolipids
121
it is partially hydrogenated;
it prolongs shelf life;
it enhances the flavor
Transfat
122
two (2) kinds of fatty molecules
1. Saturated Fatty Acid
2. Unsaturated Fatty Acid
123
two (2) kinds of fatty molecules
1. Saturated Fatty Acid
2. Unsaturated Fatty Acid
124
Saturated fatty acid is ____ at room temp
Solid
125
Unsaturated fatty acid is _____ at room temp
Liquid
126
this fatty acid is also known as animal fats
saturated fatty acids
127
two (2) kinds of unsaturated fatty acids
1. Monounsaturated fatty acids (plant-based)
2. Polyunsaturated fatty acids
128
difference in saturated and unsaturated fatty acids:
double bonded carbons in unsaturated fatty acids
129
three (3) fats types
1. Good
2. Bad
3. Worst
130
two (2) types of good fat types
1. Monounsaturated fatty acids
2. Polyunsaturated fatty acids
131
type of bad fats
saturated fats
132
type of worst fat
transfat
133
steroids are ____
lipids
134
(characteristics of nucleic acids)
this organic molecule is composed of elements ____, ____, ____, ____ and _____
1. Carbon
2. Oxygen
3. Hydrogen
4. Nitrogen
5. Phosphorus
135
two (2) main classes of nucleic acids
1. Ribonucleic acids (RNA)
2. Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)
136
monomers are called _____
nucleotides
137
five (5) nitrogenous bases
1. Adenine
2. Guanine
3. Cytosine
4. Thymine
5. Uracil
138
two (2) nitrogenous bases that make up the nucleic acids
1. Purines
2. Pyrimidines
139
to which nitrogenous bases are adenine and guanine included?
Purines
140
three (3) examples of pyrimidines
1. Cytosine
2. Thymine
3. Uracil
141
nitrogenous base only in DNA
Thymine
142
nitrogenous base only in RNA
Uracil
143
DNA uses four nitrogenous bases namely:
1. Adenine
2. Cytosine
3. Guanine
4. Thymine
144
RNA uses four nitrogenous bases namely:
1. Adenine
2. Cytosine
3. Guanine
4. Uracil
145
double stranded
DNA
146
single stranded
RNA
147
Adenine + Ribose = ?
Adenosine
148
how many phosphates are there in ATP?
3
149
four (4) examples of differentiated animal cells
1. Red Blood cells
2. Epithelial cells
3. Tissues
4. Nerve cell
