To review for exam

Question 1

IP at apex of lung

Answer 1

-10cm H20

Question 2

IP at base of lung

Answer 2

-2.5cm H20

Question 3

Pleural pressure before inspiration

Answer 3

-3-(-5) cm H20

Question 4

Lung compliance unit and def

Answer 4

mL/cmH20 : change in volume due to a 1cm H20 change in distending pressure

Question 5

Unit of diffusion

Answer 5

mL/min

Question 6

What is diffusion capacity DL?

Answer 6

measurement of the rate of transfer of gas from the alveolus to Hgb within a capillary

Question 7

6 layers of respiratory membrane

Answer 7

1. Surfactant
2. H20
3. Alveolar epithelium (type 1 and 2)
4. Interstitial space
5. Basement membrane of endothelium
6. Endothelium

Question 8

Graham’s law for gas diffusion

Answer 8

diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root of the molecular weight and directly proportional to the solubility coefficient

Question 9

Total blood volume of pulmonary circulation

Answer 9

500mL (10% of circulating blood volume)

Question 10

How much of the CO is the bronchial circulation?

Answer 10

About 1%

Question 11

Which veins drain the lungs to the heart?

Answer 11

Either true bronchial veins or bronchopulmonary veins

Question 12

What type of system is the pulmonary circulation?

Answer 12

Low pressure / low resistance system

Question 13

What is the ventilation / perfusion ratio?

Answer 13

ratio of ventilation to blood flow (Va/Q)

Question 14

Examples of perfusion limited gases

Answer 14

O2, N20

Question 15

Examples of diffusion limited gases

Answer 15

CO, or an abnormal O2

Question 16

VA/Q at the apex and base of the lungs

Answer 16

• Apex : 3.0

- Base : 0.6

Question 17

Average VA/Q in the lungs

Answer 17

0.8

Question 18

Which law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure above that liquid?

Answer 18

Henry’s law

Question 19

What is the primary transport mechanism of O2?

Answer 19

oxyhemoglobin

Question 20

What’s different about fetal hemoglobin?

Answer 20

higher affinity to O2 bc gamma SU doesn’t bind 2,3 BPG

Question 21

How long do RBC usually spend in capillaries?

Answer 21

0.75 seconds

Question 22

What does the O2 dissociation curve illustrate?

Answer 22

sigmoidal relationship bw pO2 in blood and number of O2 molecules bound to Hgb

Question 23

What is the usual P50 of O2 dissociation?

Answer 23

27mmHg

Question 24

What is the haldane effect on O2/CO2/Hgb?

Answer 24

oxygenation of blood displaces CO2 from Hgb : reduces affinity of Hgb to CO2

Question 25

What are the 4 types of hypoxia?

Answer 25

1. Hypoxic hypoxia 2. Anemic hypoxia 3. Circulatory hypoxia 4. Histotoxic hypoxia

Question 26

How long does it take for our body to use up all the stored O2 in heavy exercise?

Answer 26

1 minute

Question 27

How much is the alactacid oxygen debt?

Answer 27

3.5 liters

Question 28

How much is the lactic acid oxygen debt?

Answer 28

8 liters

Question 29

Max O2 consumption during exercise

Answer 29

5100 mL/min

Question 30

Pulmonary ventilation during max exercise

Answer 30

110L/min

Question 31

Max breathing capacity

Answer 31

160L/min

Question 32

CO during max exercise

Answer 32

30L/min

Question 33

What is the safe range of tissue pO2?

Answer 33

20-60mmHg

Question 34

H20 vapor pressure in the alveoli

Answer 34

47mmHg

Question 35

3 centres in brainstem that control breathing and their location

Answer 35

1. Medullary center (reticular formation) 2. Apneustic center 3. Pneumotaxic center (upper pons)

Question 36

Other name for the inspiratory center

Answer 36

pre-bottzinger complex

Question 37

Where can we find breathing mechanoreceptors? (4)

Answer 37

- Lung tissue - Joints - Muscles - Alveolar wall (J receptors)

Question 38

Where is the inspiratory center located?

Answer 38

DRG

Question 39

Typical anion gap

Answer 39

8-16 mEq/L

Question 40

Henderson Hasselbach equation

Answer 40

pH = pK + log10 (base / acid) - Base : actual HCO3- - Acid : alpha * PCO2

Question 41

Which acids do the kidneys get rid of?

Answer 41

Non-volatile acids in the urine

Question 42

Normal range for PaCO2

Answer 42

38-42mmHg

Question 43

Buffer base definition

Answer 43

amount of strong acid that needs to be added to 1L of oxygenated blood in order to restore it to normal condition

Question 44

Example of non volatile acid

Answer 44

H2CO3

Question 45

Determinants of Net Acid secretion

Answer 45

NAE = titrable acidity + NH4+ excretion - HCO3- excretion

Question 46

Which cells sense arterial pH in PCR?

Answer 46

type 1 glomus cells

Question 47

Which drugs could cause respiratory acidosis?

Answer 47

opioids

Question 48

What buffers H+ intracellularly?

Answer 48

intracellular proteins, organic phosphates

Question 49

Which drugs could cause respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 49

aspirin

Question 50

Marker substances for dilution method

Answer 50

1. D20 Deuterium oxide (heavy water) for total fluid 2. Inulin for ECF 3. Evans blue (protein dye) for plasma

Question 51

3 subdivisions of ECF

Answer 51

1. Intravascular fluid (plasma) 2. Interstitial fluid 3. Transcellular fluid

Question 52

Special property of membrane lipids

Answer 52

Amphipathic : hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Question 53

Membrane proteins classification (basic)

Answer 53

integral / peripheral

Question 54

3 classifications for ion channels

Answer 54

1. By gating mechanism 2. By type of ion 3. By cellular localization

Question 55

Another name for ligand gated ion channels

Answer 55

ionotropic receptors

Question 56

Types of calcium channels

Answer 56

L, P, N, R, T

Question 57

Localization of P and R type VDCC

Answer 57

cerebellar neurons

Question 58

Localization of T-type VDCC (3)

Answer 58

neurons, osteocytes, cells with pacemaker activity

Question 59

What type of receptor is Ryr?

Answer 59

Ion channel, activated by increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ (releases Ca2+ INTO the cell)

Question 60

Which equation can be used to calculate the equilibrium potential?

Answer 60

Nernst equation (neglects mb permeability for an ion)

Question 61

Equilibrium potential of Cl- in the striated muscle

Answer 61

-88mV

Question 62

Which equation can we use to calculate the membrane potential?

Answer 62

The Golden Hodgkin Quatz equation

Question 63

Which enzyme inactivates cAMP?

Answer 63

phosphodiesterase (cAMP to 5'AMP)

Question 64

2 examples of receptors that activate Gs

Answer 64

- Beta adrenergic receptors | - ACTH receptor

Question 65

What does PLA2 form?

Answer 65

arachidonic acid

Question 66

What does arachidonic acid activate? (3)

Answer 66

- Epoxygenase (HETE, ETE) - COX (prostac, prostag, thromboxin) - Lipoxigenase

Question 67

What is the visual receptor and its protein?

Answer 67

Rhodopsin, coupled to transducin

Question 68

3 proteins involved in regulation of cholesterol synthesis

Answer 68

- insig - SCAP - SREBP (2)

Question 69

Which neurons get information for osmoregulation?

Answer 69

magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

Question 70

What is Ca2+ bound to in the ER?

Answer 70

Calsequestrin and calreticulin

Question 71

What are the intermediate filaments in the smooth muscle?

Answer 71

vimentin + desmin

Question 72

Which cells produce the slow waves in SM?

Answer 72

interstitial cells of Cajal

Question 73

Which molecule inhibits the actin / tropomyosin in SM?

Answer 73

calponin

Question 74

Which molecule inhibits the myosin in SM?

Answer 74

caldesmin

Question 75

Which molecule does Ca2+ bind to in the cytosol?

Answer 75

Calmodulin

Question 76

Which enzyme can inactivate SM contraction?

Answer 76

MLC phosphatase

Question 77

4 processes stimulated by ATII

Answer 77

- Aldosterone synthesis - Na/H exchange in PT - ADH secretion - Vasoconstriction in arterioles via Gq, increase TPR

Question 78

What effect does aldosterone have on BP?

Answer 78

It affects bp by increasing ENaC expression on principal cells of the distal tubule / collecting duct

Question 79

What is the main transporter that maintains osmotic gradient?

Answer 79

Na+/K+ ATPase

Question 80

Where can we also find osmoreceptor cells?

Answer 80

mouth, stomach, intestine, liver

Question 81

What can enhance ADH secretion?

Answer 81

decreased effective circulating volume

Question 82

Which cells alter blood volume by detecting changes in NaCl?

Answer 82

Macula densa cells (JGA)

Question 83

Where can we find the adenosine A1 receptor in autoregulation of GFR?

Answer 83

on the extra glomerular mesengial cells

Question 84

NaCl filtered per day

Answer 84

1500g

Question 85

What does parathormone inhibit in the kidney?

Answer 85

phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule via Gs

Question 86

What inhibits carbonic anhydrase and thus Na+/HCO3- reabsorption in the kidney?

Answer 86

acetazolamide

Question 87

What drug inhibits Na/K/2Cl co transporter?

Answer 87

furosemide (loop diuretic)

Question 88

Which drug inhibits the Na/cl co transporter in the DCT

Answer 88

thiazide

Question 89

Which 3 drugs can have an effect on ENaC in connecting, cortical + outer medullary collecting ducts?

Answer 89

Aldosterone : enhance via expression regulation Amiloride : K sparing; inhibits ANP : decrease via inhibition

Question 90

2 cell types in the collecting duct

Answer 90

``` Principal cells (for reabsorption) Intercalated cells (alpha and beta) for H+ and HCO2- ```

Question 91

Which protein anchors thick filaments to the Z disk?

Answer 91

titin for thick filament (also stabilizes)

Question 92

Which proteins anchor the thin filament to the Z line?

Answer 92

CapZ protein and alpha actinin

Question 93

What are the 3 prevertebral ganglion of sympathetic system?

Answer 93

1. Celiac 2. superior mesenteric 3. Inferior mesenteric