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BIO216 > Topic 1 Reproduction,1.2,gametogenesis > Flashcards

Topic 1 Reproduction,1.2,gametogenesis Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Draw the female reproductive system

A

Refer to PowerPoint slide
Make sure to have:
ovaries(follicles & corpus luteum),oviduct,uterus,endometrium,cervix,vagina

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2
Q

Male germ cells commit to becoming gametes sooner, is this true for females?

A

No, females have delayed oogenesis

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3
Q

Another name for primary germ cells?

A

Primordial germ cells

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4
Q

Primary germ cells produce___

A

oogonia aka immature female reproductive cells that are diploid

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5
Q

what does oogonia mean?

A

mitotically active cells that produce primary oocytes

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6
Q

Oogonia reproduces by ___ to become primary oocyte

A

mitosis

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7
Q

in oogenesis, primary oocytes begin meiosis and stop at what phase?

A

prophase

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8
Q

T/F At birth, females carry primary ooctyes

A

true

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9
Q

What is a follicle and what resides in it?

A

follicle is a cavity lined with cells, primary ooctyes reside in it.

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10
Q

in oogenesis, how does puberty affect primary oocyte?

A

At puberty, the FSH(follicle-stimulating hormone) stimulates the follicle to grow and mature, the primary oocyte within follicle completes meiosis I

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11
Q

T/F in oogenesis the cytokinesis at end of meiosis I is even

A

false, it’s uneven resulting in one small and larger cell. The smaller cell is called the first polar body. The larger cell called the secondary oocyte.

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12
Q

The first polar Body is produced at the end of what stage in oogenesis?

A

meiosis I, underwent cytokinesis

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13
Q

The secondary oocyte is produced at the end of what stage in oogenesis?

A

meiosis I, after undergoing cytokinesis

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14
Q

What cell progresses to meiosis II in oogenesis?

A

the secondary oocyte

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15
Q

in oogenesis, at what stage is the second oocyte arrested at?

A

metaphase of meiosis II

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16
Q

Ovulation happens after what stage?

A

Happens after second oocyte is arrested at METAPHASE II of meiosis II

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17
Q

What is ovulation?

A

breaking open of the follicle to release the second oocyte

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18
Q

Second oocyte resumes meiosis II when __

A

sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte

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19
Q

During meiosis II, cytokinesis is uneven resulting in what two things?

A

Results in the second polar body and the single mature egg(ovum) containing the sperm head

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20
Q

Due to ovulation what forms from the ruptured follice?

A

Corpus Luteum

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21
Q

Corpus luteum will produce __ which thickens the uterus lining(endometrium) for pregnancy. It will degenerate if __ does not occur.

A

progesterone; fertilization

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22
Q

What is the definition of fertilization?

A

fusion of haploid sperm nucleus with the haploid egg nucleus

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23
Q

T/F 2 follicles usually matures per month

A

false, one follicle usually
fully matures/month,
and it’s oocyte completes
meiosis I

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24
Q

summarize oogenesis

A

PGCs become oogonium, then the primary oocyte begins meiosis and is arrested at PROPHASE I
This 2n cell splits into a polar body and a secondary oocyte (both n)
secondary oocyte begins meiosis II and is arrested at METAPHASE II
ovulation releases secondary oocyte and it matures when combined with sperm and meiosis II resumes

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25
What is a polar body?
a small haploid cell formed from uneven division during cytokinesis during meiosis in oogenesis It generally does not have the ability to be fertilized and it usually disappears(apotose).
26
How might we get 3 polar bodies?
First polar body generates into 2 polar bodies + the one given from when the second oocyte undergoes cytokineses
27
Describe the simple pathway of puberty
hypothalamus releases GnRH(gonadotropin releasing hormone) into pitituary gland, which then releases LH(lutenizing hormone) and FSH(follice stimulating hormone) into the ovaries or testis, in females it starts production of estradiol and in males its testosterone
28
Describe brief overview of chart
Follicular phase l ovulation l luteal phase LH surge Menstrual + proliferative secretory
29
Hypothalamus negative feedback:
inhibited by estradiol and progesterone
30
Hypothalamus positive feedback:
stimulated by high levels of estradiol
31
Negative feed back means being___
inhibited
32
anterior pituitary is inhibited by __
low levels of estradiol, because low estrogen lowers GnRH production in the hypothalamus which then lowers LH production in anterior pituitary
33
gonadotropins include __
Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
34
In the pituitary gonadotropins in blood, LH surge triggers
LH surge triggers ovulation
35
How does estradiol relate to ovulation? When do we see it?
Right before ovulation, we should see a peak in estradiol because it stimulates the hypothalamus to release LH, then LH surge causes ovulation
36
We see estradiol peak during what phase of menstrual cycle?
proliferative phase
37
When do we see LH peak during menstrual cycle.
End of proliferative phase, after the estradiol peak
38
corpus luteum produces
estradiol and progesterone
39
the endometrium is thickened by
progesterone and estradiol
40
After LH surge, ovulation is stimulated, what can we expect if fertilization occurs
During the secretory phase in the menstrual cycle see high levels of progesterone and relatively high levels of estradiol. Progesterone will provide negative feedback to the anterior pituitary to decrease FSH and LH levels, by lowering estrogen. Thus estrogen will have relatively lower values compared to progesterone
41
After LH surge, ovulation is stimulated, what can we expect if fertilization does not occurs
Still see initial rise in levels in progesterone and estradiol, however, the levels will dramatically decrease as the corpus luteum degenerates, resulting in the menstrual flow phase.
42
What is the basic overview from ovulation to implantation?
1. ovulation, secondary oocyte released into the oviduct 2. fertilization, happens in the oviduct 3. cleavage, happens in the oviduct 4. implantation, in uterus wall aka endometrium
43
During implantation, we should see the formation of the trophoblast, which is ?
trophoblast: the outer layer of the blastocyst, which helps form the placenta
44
How long does spermatogenesis take?
About 7 weeks
45
Testes develop where?
Testes develop in the abdomen, descend into the scrotum
46
Seminiferous tubules:
network of tubules located in testes
47
Sertoli cells:
form the walls of seminiferous tubules; support germ cells
48
Leydig Cells:
adjacent to seminiferous tubules; produce androgens (eg., testosterone)
49
What is the main function of epididymis?
The main function of the epididymis is to store the sperms for maturation and transport it to vas deferens.
50
What is the function of seminiferous tubes?
The sites of sperm production, the sperm migrate from of the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis.
51
Sertoli cells are found in_ and are the site of _
seminiferous tubes; spermatagenesis
52
Spermatogonia:
Mitotically active cells in the gonads that give rise to spermatocytes
53
Spermatids:
The four haploid cells produced by the meiotic division of a primary spermatocyte
54
Describe spermatogenesis
PGCs become spermatogonial stem cells (2n) then divide into spermatogonium and then primary spermatocyte (can produce sperm). The primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to produce 2 secondary spermatocytes form (n) then undergoes meiosis II and divide into 4 spermatids that mature into 4 sperm cells (n)
55
We can use seminiferous tube and __ as synonmous
testis
56
T/F testicular spermatozao are able to penetrate the gg
False, Testicular spermatozoa are immature, cannot penetrate egg; move from testes to epididymis (via efferent ductiles) where they mature
57
Spermatozoa is the more mature form of __
spermatids
58
How do we get a mature sperm?
During ejaculation, sperm move from epididymis to vas deferens, to ejaculatory duct, mixing with seminal fluid from the prostate and seminal vesicles.
59
What are two important sperm structures
Acrosome: vesicle with enzymes that facilitate egg penetration Mitochondria: provide ATP for tail movement/swimming
60
Inhibin
prevents sperm formation through negative feedback by inhibiting FSH secretion
61
male hormone secretion
LH: simulates testosterone production from Leydig Leydig: promotes spermatogenesis Testosterone: inhibits LH and GnRH production FSH: stimulates Sertoli cells to secrete inhibin
62
what is the role of androgens from Leydig cells in Spermatgensis
LH behinds to leydig cells, androgens from Leydig cells then bind to receptors on sertoli cells, and stimulate spermatagenesis
63
What is the role of androgens in relation to FSH
Binding of FSH to receptos on sertoli, increases expression of androgen receptors, which then stimulates spermatagnesis.
64
T/F Spermatagenesis does not need FSH and androgens present to be strongly stimulated
False
65
Ovum
Ovum: The haploid cell produced by meiosis that becomes a functional gamete
66
T/F All the products of oogenesis and spermatogenesis become gametes
False: Spermatogenesis: all 4 products of meiosis become gametes. Oogenesis: 1 product of meiosis becomes the egg (other 2 are small polar bodies (due to unequal cytokinesis) that degenerate
67
T/F Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are not the same in terms of the production of mature gametes
True: Spermatogenesis occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood. Oogenesis: production of mature gametes stops around age 50
68
In oogenesis, mitotic division are completed_
before birth

BIO216 (39 decks)

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