topic 12 power.point 12.0

Question 1

All animals require matter and energy for

Answer 1

metabolism, using that energy for homeostasis, growth, and metabolism

Question 2

What does organic mean?
What are the classes of organic macromolecules?

Answer 2

Organic: molecules based on carbon, used as fuel

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 3

WHat are the classes of carbohydrates?

Answer 3

1) monosaccharide
2)disaccharide
3) polysaccharides

Question 4

What is a sugar?

Answer 4

carbon chain, Has hydroxyl groups, carbonyl group

Question 5

What are two monosaccharides that are isomers?

Answer 5

Glucose and fructose
C6H12O6

Question 6

When might monosaccharides form rings?

Answer 6

in aqueous solutions

Question 7

___ are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work

Answer 7

monosaccharides

Question 8

Disaccharide
*explain the mechanism

Answer 8

2 monosaccharides linked via a dehydration reaction

Mechanism: DEHYDRATION REACTION
hydroxyl group (-OH) from a monosaccharide and a hydrogen atom (-H) from another monosaccharide are removed resulting in a glycosidic bond and release of a water molecule

Question 9

What are some examples of disaccharide?

Answer 9

Sucrose= fructose+ glucose
lactose- glucose + galactose
maltose= glucose + glucose

Question 10

What are some examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 10

fructose, glucose, galactose

Question 11

polysaccharides
* explain mechanism

Answer 11

polymers of monosaccharides

Mechanism: DEHYDRATION REACTION
hydroxyl group (-OH) from a monosaccharide and a hydrogen atom (-H) from another monosaccharide are removed resulting in a glycosidic bond and release of a water molecule

Question 12

What are some examples of polysaccharides?

Answer 12

Starch: long chains of glucose
glycogen: long chains of glucose w/branches
cellulose: a long chain of glucose (straight+ compact)

Question 13

Plants like potatoes, wheat, and rice; what type of carbohydrate is it made up of?

Answer 13

Starch-polysaccharide-long chain of glucose

Question 14

In cell wall of plants, what type of carbohydrate might we find?

Answer 14

cellulose-polysaccharide-long chain of glucose that is straight and compact

Question 15

what is the most abundant organic compound on earth?

Answer 15

cellulose

Question 16

Another name for cellulose is

Answer 16

dietary fiber

Question 17

lipids
What are the type of lipids?

Answer 17

Mainly C linked to H through nonpolar bonds, molecules are hydrophobic and insoluble in water

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Question 18

Fats:
Function:

Answer 18

Composed of mostly triglycerides;
triglycerides composed of glycerol(alcohol) and 3 fatty acids(COOH-CH2 chain)
Function: energy storage, cushion/insulation

Question 19

Explain the dehydration reaction of fats

Answer 19

hydroxyl group (-OH) of the glycerol molecule combines with the carboxyl group (-COOH) of each fatty acid molecule. As a result, three water molecules are eliminated, and the remaining molecules form a triglyceride.

Question 20

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fat

Answer 20

degree that C bonded to H, saturated molecule has maximum amount of H

Question 21

How does degree of saturation of fats, relate to a bend?

Answer 21

Unsaturated fats have a bend, can’t stack easily, and are less likely to form solids. In contrast, saturated fats have no bend can easily stack, and tend to be solids at room temp.

Question 22

Most plant/fish triglycerides and animals triglycerides tend to be saturated or unsaturated?

Answer 22

Most plant/fish triglycerides-unsaturated
animals triglycerides-saturated

Question 23

What do we can unsaturated fats with a single double bond or more than one double bond?

Answer 23

Monounsaturated fats= single double bond
Polyunsaturated fats= have two or more

Question 24

Why might unsaturated fats have a lower melting point?

Answer 24

double bonds prevent close packing so they are farther apart meaning it’s easier to melt them

Question 25

We can call unsaturated fats

Answer 25

oils

Question 26

Why might eating meat increase your chances of heart attacks and strokes?

Answer 26

animal triglycerides are saturated and diets rich in saturated fats can lead to atherosclerosis. Plaque buildup in walls of blood vessels, reduce blood flow and ultimately cause heart attacks and strokes.

Question 27

What are essential nutrients?

Answer 27

substances that animals can't create for themselves Essential amino acids/ fatty acids/ minerals and vitamins

Question 28

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

Answer 28

PVT TIM HiLL 9 indispensable amino acids phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine.

Question 29

What's the difference between water-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 29

1) where they dissolve 2)water-soluble vitamins: nonprotein organic subunits that associate with enzymes to aid in catalysis -Riboflavin=B2 (energy metabolism/FAD) -Niacin->NAD+ Fat soluble vitamins -Vitamin A-visual pigments

Question 30

What are the three functions of minerals?

Answer 30

1) ions ex: important for contraction 2) structural material ex: Ca in bones 3) parts of other molecules ex: iron in hemoglobin

Question 31

stomach, Mouth, intestine, anus, pharynx, esophagus, stomach Rewrite them in order

Answer 31

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, anus

Question 32

What are Sphincters? What are the 2 examples?

Answer 32

Rings of smooth muscle form valves between major regions of the digestive tract lower esophageal sphincter: between esophagus and stomach Pyloric sphincter: between the stomach and small intestine

Question 33

Salivary glands

Answer 33

Secrete saliva, which contains lubricating mucus, amylase (a starch-digesting enzyme), lysozyme (an enzyme that kills bacteria), and bicarbonate ions.

Question 34

Explain small intestine, large intestine

Answer 34

small intestine: completes digestion and begins absorption of nutrients large intestine: primarily absorbs water and mineral ions from digestive residues

Question 35

liver

Answer 35

Secretes bile, which emulsifies fats, and bicarbonate ions

Question 36

gall blader

Answer 36

Stores and concentrates bile secreted by liver

Question 37

Pancreas

Answer 37

Secretes enzymes (proteases, amylases, lipases, nucleases) that break down all major food molecules and bicarbonate ions that neutralize digestive contents

Question 38

What are the four layers of the vertebrae gut?

Answer 38

1.mucosa 2. submucosa 3.muscularis 4.serosa

Question 39

mucosa

Answer 39

Lines inside of gut -Epithelial cells: absorb nutrients, seal off digestive contents from body fluids -Glandular cells: secrete enzymes, mucus, pH regulation

Question 40

submucosa

Answer 40

Elastic connective tissue, neuron network, blood and lymph vessels Neural network: local control of digestive activity

Question 41

muscularis

Answer 41

Formed by circular layer (constricts gut diameter) and longitudinal layer (shortens and widens gut): push contents through gut (peristalsis) Oblique layer (stomach only)

Question 42

serosa

Answer 42

Outermost gut layer, made of connective tissue that is continuous with mesentery (tissue that suspends digestive organs in the abdomen) -Secretes a lubricating fluid to reduce friction between digestive organs and other organs