Topic.5.TheNeuron.powerpoint.5.0.the-neuron-an-overview

Question 1

What are the 3 classes of neurons?

Answer 1

Interneuron
Afferent neuron
Efferent neuron

Question 2

CNS

Answer 2

brain and spinal cord
interneurons

Question 3

Interneurons

Answer 3

integrate information and formulate a response

Question 4

PNS

Answer 4

All other neurons
Afferent: picks up sensory stimuli through sensory neurons and transmits to interneurons in CNS; one axon with peripheral branch(cell body to peripheral) and central branch(cell body to spinal chord)

Efferent: sends directions from your brain to muscles and glands

Question 5

T/F Motor neuron is afferent

Answer 5

False: carries signals to skeleton muscle, meaning that it is efferent and not afferent

Question 6

T/F In the sense-integrate-act loop, the brain is always where signals are integrated

Answer 6

True because integration involves interneurons which include the brain and spinal cord

Sense: Afferent
Integrate: Interneurons
Act: Efferent

Question 7

What is the basic anatomy of a neuron?

Answer 7

Dendrites on cell body with a nucleus connected to axon terminals through a axon

Question 8

What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve?

Answer 8

Neuron is one cell ( 1 body, 1 axon, dendrites)
Nerve: cordlike bundle of MANY axons as a common pathway for electrochemical impulses to travel only in PNS

Question 9

The nerve in the PNS is analogous to the __ in the CNS

Answer 9

tracts

Question 10

t/f radial neuron are part of CNS

Answer 10

False, part of PNS; provides a common pathway for transmitted impulses in the arm

Question 11

What is the difference between the grey and white matter?

Answer 11

Gray: Neuron somas/cell bodies
White: myelinated axons

Question 12

Spinal nerve made out of what two roots?

Answer 12

Dorsal Root-afferent
Ventral root-efferent

Question 13

Glial Cells

Answer 13

non-neuronal cells that provide nutrition and support to neurons

Question 14

List types of glial cells

Answer 14

ependymal cells
microglia
astrocytes
satellite cells
Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes

Question 15

Acronym for glial cell types

Answer 15

EMASSO

Question 16

ependymal cells

Answer 16

Type of glia cell that produces cerebrospinal fluid

Question 17

microglia

Answer 17

Type of glial cell,
phagocytic cells that ingest and break down pathogens and waste
products in the CNS

Question 18

Astrocytes

Answer 18

types of glial cell found in CNS, it covers the surfaces of blood vessels for structural support and helps maintain ion concentrations in the interstitial fluid surrounding it

Question 19

Satellite cells are similar to _

Answer 19

astrocytes but they are found in the PNS

Question 20

Schwann cells

Answer 20

Forms myelin sheath around axons in PNS

Question 21

Oligodendrocytes:

Answer 21

form myelin sheath in CNS

Question 22

What is the myelin sheath?

Answer 22

have a high lipid content; serve to insulate the electrical impulse as it
travels along an axon.

Question 23

What can speed rate that electric impulses travel along axons?

Answer 23

Node of Ranvier

Question 24

The tiny gaps between adjacent Schwann cells are called

Answer 24

node

Question 25

In signal transduction what are the names for transmitting and receiving?

Answer 25

Presynaptic(transmitting) Postsynaptic(receiving)

Question 26

In signal conduction what is the role of axon hillock?

Answer 26

Emerging from soma has a high concentration of voltage-activated sodium channels, considered the spike initiation zone for action potentials.

Question 27

What is a synapse?

Answer 27

The junction between the axon terminals of a neuron and the receiving cell(any type)

Question 28

If uniform contractile activity is needed among cells, what type of synapse is involved?

Answer 28

Electrical synapse

Question 29

Electrical synapse found in ...

Answer 29

pulp of tooth, cardiac muscle cell/smooth muscle

Question 30

What are electrical synapse?

Answer 30

it's a gap junction where the membrane between two neurons is separated by a gap but connected by proteins tubes called connexons. -gap junctions allow current to flow between adjacent cells, which is important for a chain of action potentials

Question 31

Chemical synapse

Answer 31

information is transferred via the release of a neurotransmitter from one cell that diffuses along a synaptic cleft and is detected by an adjacent cell

Question 32

T/F electrical synapse can be better modulated

Answer 32

False, chemical synapse can be better modulated

Question 33

Which is faster, chemical or electrical synapse?

Answer 33

Electrical synapse because gap junctions are instantaneous

Question 34

Electrical synapse enables ___ among population of neurons

Answer 34

synchronized electrical activity

Question 35

What is resting membrane potential?

Answer 35

equilibrium condition, no net flow of ions across the plasma membrane

Question 36

Does a resting membrane potential have an electrical impulse?

Answer 36

NO

Question 37

An electrical potential difference (or voltage) can be generated across a plasma membrane by the separation of positive and negative charges. Which is true of a resting membrane potential?

Answer 37

Cell inside is negative; cell outer surface is positive

Question 38

Resting membrane potential is expected to have a ___ of charged particles inside and outside the cell

Answer 38

uneven distribution

Question 39

What gives rise to uneven ion distribution in resting membrane potential?

Answer 39

1. Membrane more permeable to potassium (K+) than to sodium (Na+), more (Na+) outside the cell than (K+) inside the cell,3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in 2. selective permeability, The plasma membrane lets ions move down a concentration gradient. Na+ passively moves in and K diffuses out; more K+ leaves than Na+ enters, leaving net positive charge outside and negative inside

Question 40

What does it mean to have a membrane potential?

Answer 40

Difference in electrical charge on two sides of a membrane

Question 41

What creates a membrane potential?

Answer 41

membrane potential caused by the movement of ions across a membrane can result from diffusion(due to gradient) and electric fields. ------

Question 42

What is the resting membrane potential in mV?

Answer 42

-70mV

Question 43

Equilibrium potential:

Answer 43

The equilibrium potential for an ion is defined as the potential at which there is no net movement of that ion across the membrane, and this exists when the electrical gradient balances the concentration gradient.

Question 44

Electrochemical gradient

Answer 44

electro-chemical gradient: net driving force that drives the flow of any ion through a membrane channel protein; consists of a concentration gradient and electrical gradient

Question 45

Nerst equation can

Answer 45

predicting the equilibrium potential across the membrane of a cell for a singly charged positive ion

Question 46

Goldman equation

Answer 46

prediction of membrane potential (Vm) when the membrane is permeable to more than one ion. -concentration gradient and the permeability determine the contribution of a particular ion to the membrane potential