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BIO216 > topic.7.the.senses.powerpoint.7.2.-vision > Flashcards

topic.7.the.senses.powerpoint.7.2.-vision Flashcards

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1
Q

Blind spot

A

where the optic nerve passes through the optic disk

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2
Q

T/F there are detecting photoreceptive cells in the blind spot

A

False, just look at the name bitch

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3
Q

cornea

A

transparent, admits and refracts light

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4
Q

Iris

A

eye color; controls diameter of pupil by regulating amount of light that enters it

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5
Q

sclera

A

white outer protective layer of the eyeball

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6
Q

choroid

A

vascular of the eye, in between the sclera and retina

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7
Q

lens

A

focuses image on retina

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8
Q

retina

A

layer of neural cells that line the back of the eye

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9
Q

what part of the eye has photoreceptor cells and neurons that integrate that info?

A

retina

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10
Q

macula

A

pigmented area in the retina, contains fovea. Involved in high acuity vision

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11
Q

Fovea

A

Fovea: region of the macula in the retina, has a high density of cone cells
(photoreceptive cell for color); also needed for sharp vision (detail)

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12
Q

Which of the following lists in correct order the structures through which light passes in the
human eye?
A. lens, aqueous humor, vitreous humor
B. cornea, lens, vitreous humor
C. pupil, aqueous humor, cornea
D. vitreous humor, lens, retina

A

B. cornea, lens, vitreous humor

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13
Q

Anterior chamber:

A

lies between the cornea and the iris. Filled with aqueous humor

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14
Q

Posterior chamber

A

located behind the iris and in front of the lens. Filled with aqueous humor

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15
Q

Vitreous chamber:

A

located behind the lens. Filled with vitreous humor

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16
Q

Aqueous humor

A

THIN WATERY FLUID
-maintains intraocular pressure
-remove wastes
-supply nutrients to avascular parts of the eye

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17
Q

vitreous humor

A

thick, viscous fluid (gel like substance)
that helps maintain the shape of the eye and absorb shocks

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18
Q

vitreous humor can be found where?

A

Occupies the space behind the lens and in front of the retina at the
back of the eye

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19
Q

aqueous humor can be found in what chambers of the eye

A

posterior and anterior

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20
Q

where can the ciliary body be found

A

at both sides of lens

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21
Q

Ciliary body:

A

part of the eye that includes the ciliary muscle; ring of smooth muscle fibers,
which controls the shape of the
the lens in order to achieve ACCOMODATION

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22
Q

where is aqueous humor produced?

A

ciliary epithelium

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23
Q

_____ connect the ciliary muscle to the lens.

A

Suspensory ligaments

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24
Q

How does accommodation relate to hand flex/crunch?

A

The ciliary body wants to achieve accommodation through the ciliary muscle.
-distant object/ ciliary muscles relax(hand)/ligaments tighten(string between palm and fingers)/flattening the lens(hand)
-close object/ciliary muscle tighten(hand)/ tendons relax(string between palm and fingers),lens become rounded(fist/hand)

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25
Photoreceptors are also called____ and they are needed for ____
rods and cones, the eye to process light
26
photoreceptive molecules do what?
-absorb energy of light (photon) -Generate changes in membrane potential
27
In vision, light is converted to action potentials and sent to brain through ___
optical nerve
28
Processed signal is sent via the optic nerve through the
lateral geniculate nuclei to the visual cortex.
29
what is the direct pathway of vision
photoreceptors-bipolar cells-ganglion cells
30
horizontal cells
receive information from the photoreceptors and transmit it to surrounding bipolar neurons
31
amacrine cells
receive their inputs from the bipolar cells and activate the ganglion neurons that are in their vicinity.
32
amacrine cells are located in
retina of the eye
33
amacrine release what type of neurons?
dopamine secreting neuron
34
T/F During the daylight, i expect horizontal cells to be active
False-amacrine cells release dpamine during daylight.To enhance the activity of cone cells in the retina while suppressing rod cells
35
cone cells are beneficial during the day because they..
increase sensitivity for detecting light of different wavelengths (colors)
36
rods are beneficial during the night to be active because...
Specialized for detection of low-intensity light
37
horizontal cells are responsible for what?
responsible for allowing eyes to adjust to see well under both bright and dim light conditions (involved with lateral inhibition)
38
How are structures of cones and rods similar?
Both contain -outer segment(photopigment) -inner segment -synaptic terminal (retina)
39
T/F Rods are conical
False: Cones are conical Rods are cylindrical
40
In rods, photopigment (or photoreceptive molecule)
rhodopsin.
41
Rhodopsin
= retinal + opsin= photopigment found in rods; is a G-protein coupled receptor
42
In cones, photopigment (or photoreceptrive molecule)
is iodopsin -absorb light of overlapping wavelength ranges -Gives rise to the perception of a particular color in the brain
43
Iodopsins contain the protein complexes:
photopsin I, II, or III.
44
photopsin in iodopsins respond to what 3 colors?
blue, red, green
45
Photopigments (such as rhodopsin, iodopsin) are found in the
discs of photoreceptor cells (that is, the rods and cones)
46
photopigment made up of
retinal combined with an opsin protein
47
In the rods and cones, light causes a
hyperpolarization
48
In the dark the rod cell is
depolarized because sodium channels are open and releases glutamate, glutamate has inhibitory reaction on bipolar cells prevent AP, saying their is no light
49
how does glutamate relate to AP?
When glutamate is not released (or reduced) from the rod cell, the bipolar cell is no longer inhibited and can now stimulate ganglion cells produce APs, send signal to brain
50
Explain the mechanism of how light causes hyperpolarization
1/light activates rhodopsin on rod cell 2.G protein complex activated 3. activates phosphodiesterase cGMP to GMP 4. closes Na+ channels 4.gluatmate from rod cell decreases 5. bipolar cells can stimulate AP, no longer inhibited
51
T/F there are more ganglion cells than photoreceptors
ganglion recieve signals from bipolar cells get signals from the receptive field(group of photoreceptors)
52
Receptive field of a bipolar cell
is a circular area of the retina
53
Receptive field has what two parts
Receptive field center Receptive field surround
54
Receptive field surround
provides an indirect input from the photoreceptors to the bipolar cells via horizontal cells
55
Receptive field center:
provides a direct input from the photoreceptors to the bipolar cells
56
When stimulated, bipolar cells exhibit
graded potentials. Each on-center bipolar cell, in turn, synapses with an on-center ganglion cell and each off-center bipolar cell synapses with an off-center ganglion cell (simplified).
57
When the receptive field center is in dark, photoreceptor cells (e.g. rods)
are depolarized and they release glutamate constantly.
58
describe the on-center pathway when receptive field is dark
Glutamate stimulates metabotropic glutamate receptors on the on-center bipolar cells, K+ (potassium) channels are opened, on-center bipolar cell is hyperpolarized, which results in a decrease in the release of their transmitter to ganglion cells. aka not transferring light
59
describe the off-center pathway when receptive field is dark
Glutamate stimulates ionotropic glutamate receptors on the off-center bipolar cells, Na+ channels are opened, off-center bipolar cell is depolarized, and the release of its transmitter (probably glutamate) is increased, results in an increase in the firing of the corresponding off-center ganglion cells
60
When the photoreceptor cell (e.g. rod) in the receptive field center receives a light stimulus
it is hyperpolarized and glutamate release from its terminals is decreased
61
the reduction in the release of glutamate from the photoreceptor terminals causes
depolarization of the on-center bipolar cell and an increase in its transmitter release which, in turn, results in an increase in the firing of thecorresponding on-center ganglion cells
62
The reduction in the release of glutamate from the photoreceptor terminals causes
hyperpolarization of the off-center bipolar cell and there is a decrease in its transmitter release, which results in a decrease in the firing of the corresponding off-center ganglion cells.
63
One _____can synapse with a set of photoreceptive cells.
bipolar cell
64
in on-center bipolar cells glutamate results
in an efflux of K+ (hyperpolarization)
65
In off-center bipolar cells, glutamate results in an
influx of Na+ (depolarization)
66
Retina processing by on- center and off-center ganglion cells enhances
differences in relative (rather than absolute) brightness, which helps define contours

BIO216 (39 decks)

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