Topic.6.The.Brain.and.The.Nervous.System:Structure.and.Function.Powerpoint.6.0.key-brain-regions

Question 1

Invertebrates have a ___ nervous system than vertebrates

Answer 1

simpler

Question 2

What is cephalization?

Answer 2

development of the anterior head where sensory organs and nervous tissue are concentrated

Question 3

In the evolution of the nervous system, list these in order bilateral symmetry, nerve net, and nerve cord

Answer 3

Nerve net, nerve chord, bilateral symmetry

Question 4

sea star has what type of nervous system?

Answer 4

nerve net-loose mesh of neurons found in radially symmetrical animals

Question 5

flatworm has what type of nervous system?

Answer 5

Nerve cord: bundle of nerves which extend from the central ganglia to the rest of the body

Question 6

T/F Brain and ganglia are the same

Answer 6

False:
Ganglia: functional clusters of neurons
Brain: more complex

Question 7

What is bilateral symmetry?

Answer 7

organization of the nervous system; paired nerves linking lobes in the brain with specific muscles and receptors allow for sophisticated sensory processing

Question 8

Differential gene expression at specific times_____ and in specific regions ____gave rise to cell _____ and cell _____

Answer 8

(temporal), (spatially); cell differentiation, cell determination (cell fates)

Question 9

Neural tube

Answer 9

is the precursor of the CNS
(brain and spinal chord)

Question 10

neural crest cells

Answer 10

migrate and differentiate
into a number of varied cell types

Question 11

Cadherins

Answer 11

-Calcium-dependent adhesion molecules
-Transmembrane proteins
-Role in cell adhesion, ensures that cells within tissues are bound together

Question 12

What are the 5 functions of the brain?

Answer 12

-receive information
-integrate information
-send out information
-store information
-retrieve information

Question 13

What are the key features of the brain?

Answer 13

-blood-brain barrier
-Meninges
-ventricular system

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT true about
the blood brain barrier?
A. Endothelial cells that form capillaries in the brain are sealed
by tight junctions
B. Large molecules pass freely from the blood to surrounding
fluids in the brain
C. Tight junctions prevent most substances dissolved in the
blood from entering the cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 14

B. Large molecules pass freely from the blood to the surrounding
fluids in the brain

Question 15

What is the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 15

-Separation of circulating blood and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)
-occurs along capillaries with tight junctions, which are made out of endothelial cells that restrict diffusion of microscopic objects into CSF
-Cells of the barrier actively transport metabolic products

Question 16

Which of the following do not normally pass through the blood-brain barrier?
A. Glucose
B. Alcohol, carbon dioxide, anesthetics
C. Nicotine
D. Bacteria, viruses, other toxic substances

Answer 16

D. Bacteria, viruses, other toxic substances

Question 17

What are meninges?

Answer 17

3 layers of connective tissue covering the brain and spinal cord
-pia
-arachnoid
-dura mater

Question 18

What is the function of meninges?

Answer 18

-provides structural support for blood vessels
-serves as pad between brain and skull

Question 19

What is CSF?
Where can i find it?
What exact space can i find it in?
Function?

Answer 19

Cerebrospinal fluid
- a clear colorless liquid produced in the choroid plexus, made out of glial cells or ependymal cells
-found in the brain and spinal cord
-found in subarachnoid space(b/w P/A)
-function: circulates nutrients and chemicals filtered from the blood and removes waste products from the brain

Question 20

What protects the head from striking the cranium when the head is jolted?

Answer 20

CSF

Question 21

What provides support and buoyancy to the brain against gravity?

Answer 21

CSF
brain floats in neutral buoyancy in CSF

Question 22

If the brain had no neutral buoyancy, what would happen?

Answer 22

brain with rest on floor of cranium which would kill nervous tissue

Question 23

T/F brain provides chemical balance/stability?

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What are ventricles?

Answer 24

Cavities in the brain
filled with CSF
-absorbs shock

Question 25

What are the four ventricles?

Answer 25

Left and Right lateral ventricles third ventricle fourth ventricle

Question 26

subdural hematoma

Answer 26

a swelling containing blood

Question 27

What can we expect to find in a person with Alzheimer disease? -hint: shock

Answer 27

ventricular volume is higher

Question 28

The brain made up of what 3 large parts?

Answer 28

-forebrain -midbrain -hindbrain

Question 29

Forebrain contains the entire cerebrum which are made up of what two hemispheres?

Answer 29

Left hemisphere right hemisphere

Question 30

What hemisphere senses signals if my sister hits me on my right side and I hit her back with my right hand?

Answer 30

left hemisphere sense signals on right side and controls movement on right side

Question 31

What connects the two hemispheres in the cerebrum?

Answer 31

corpus callosum-thick axon bundles

Question 32

T/F there is no lateralization between the right and left hemispheres

Answer 32

false: there is a difference in function between left and right hemisphere

Question 33

The left hemisphere is believed to be involved in what?

Answer 33

Focus on detail(identify face), spoken and written language, abstract reasoning, math

Question 34

The right hemisphere is believed to be involved in what?

Answer 34

focus on broad background(spacing), intuitive thinking, conceptualization, music and art

Question 35

What is the cerebral cortex?

Answer 35

the outermost thin layer of grey matter covering the white matter -grey matter: neuron cell bodies and debdrites -white matter: axons with myelin **It can convolute

Question 36

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 36

Regulates cognitive function -Primary somatosensory area(receives and integrates sensory info) -Primary motor area -Association areas(integrate sensory info and formulate response, relay to motor area)

Question 37

cerebrum is made up of what 4 lobes?

Answer 37

-frontal lobe -temporal lobe -occipital lobe -parietal lobe

Question 38

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

Answer 38

Executive function think, organize, plan

Question 39

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Answer 39

Sits behind the frontal lobe, deals with perception and integration of stimuli from the senses Ex: TV person-stroke

Question 40

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 40

Back of brain, concerned with vision

Question 41

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Answer 41

runs along side of brain, under the frontal and parietal, and deals with smell, sound, and formation and storage of memories

Question 42

If we see a mouse walking funny. What might me wrong with them?

Answer 42

Something wrong with their cerebellum. The cerebellum is found on the posterior end and is in charge of coordinating and refining body movement by information integration and comparison of sensory input

Question 43

The brain stem connects __ to ___

Answer 43

forebrain, spinal chord

Question 44

Brain stem composed of what three structures?

Answer 44

medulla, pons, midbrain

Question 45

What are the vital functions of the brain stem?

Answer 45

-heart and respiration rate -blood pressure -blood vessel dilation -digestive system reflexes

Question 46

What is the reticular formation?

Answer 46

Found in brain stem, network of neurons in the brain stem that connect the thalamus to the spinal chord. Integrates incoming sensory info Filters incoming info

Question 47

The reticular formation is separated into what two regions?

Answer 47

Ascending: sends stimulatory signals to the thalamus to activate the cerebral cortex -alertness and consciousness -filters stimuli -abnormalities/coma Descending: receives info from hypothalamus and connect to interneurons in spinal chord that control skeletal muscle contraction

Question 48

What is the midbrain and what are the 2 functions?

Answer 48

It's the smallest region of the brain and acts as a relay station for auditory and visual info. It also controls eye movement.

Question 49

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

Answer 49

part of the midbrain, involved in dopamine and serotonin-producing neurons which are involved in pleasure/reward circuit

Question 50

Substantia nigra

Answer 50

part of the midbrain, involved in controlling body movement, involved in dopamine-producing neurons, degeneration associated with Parkinson

Question 51

Substantia nigra is a component of

Answer 51

basal ganglia

Question 52

Thalamus is derived from

Answer 52

forebrain, structure between cerebral cortex and midbrain

Question 53

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 53

relay signals from special senses and motor signals to cerebral cortex.

Question 54

Hypothalamus derived from

Answer 54

forebrain, below thalamus and above brain stem

Question 55

How does ADH relate to the hypothalamus?

Answer 55

Hypothalamus secretes neurohormones like ADH

Question 56

Hypothalamus connects _ system to __ system via ___

Answer 56

nervous, endocrine, pituitary gland

Question 57

What are key functions of hypothalamus?

Answer 57

-Controls body temperature - hunger/ thirst -fatigue/circadian cycles -Trigger sweating, shivering. -Monitors the osmotic balance of the blood

Question 58

What is the basal nuclei/ basal ganglia?

Answer 58

A group of nuclei of varied origin in the brains of vertebrates that act as a cohesive functional unit. Found around thalamus Involved with voluntary movement

Question 59

Damage to basal ganglia is associated with what disease?

Answer 59

Parkinson

Question 60

What is limbic system

Answer 60

function network -thalamus -hypothalamus - basal nuclei -Amygdala (emotion, fear) -Hippocampus (memory) -Olfactory bulbs (smell)

Question 61

Limbic system is often called the

Answer 61

“Emotional Brain”:

Question 62

WHat is the hippocampus?

Answer 62

Part of the limbic system; -consolidates info in short/long term memory - spatial navigation

Question 63

Hippocampus associated with what disease?

Answer 63

Alzheimer