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IB Sports Exercise & Health Science > Topic #1: Skeletal/Muscular System Anatomy > Flashcards

Topic #1: Skeletal/Muscular System Anatomy Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

What are the main components of the Skeletal System?

A

Bones, Cartilage, Joints, Ligaments

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2
Q

What is one function of the Skeletal System?

A

Support, provides framework for attachment of soft tissues

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3
Q

What is the role of the Skeletal System in mineral storage?

A

Storage for calcium and phosphorus

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4
Q

What process is the Skeletal System involved in regarding blood?

A

Blood cell production

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5
Q

How does the Skeletal System protect the body?

A

Protection of soft internal organs

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6
Q

What is a function of the Skeletal System related to muscles?

A

Leverage for muscle action

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7
Q

What is the diaphysis in a long bone?

A

Shaft

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8
Q

What type of bone is the compact bone?

A

Dense

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9
Q

What is contained in the marrow cavity of a long bone?

A

Yellow marrow

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10
Q

What are the ends of a long bone called?

A

Epiphysis

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11
Q

What type of bone is found at the ends of long bones?

A

Spongy bone

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12
Q

What type of marrow is found in the epiphysis?

A

Red marrow

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13
Q

What covers the ends of bones at joints?

A

Articular Cartilage

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14
Q

What is the outer covering of a bone called?

A

Periosteum

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15
Q

What lines the internal surface of a bone?

A

Endosteum

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16
Q

What is the basic functional unit of compact bone?

A

Osteon

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17
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Bone Cells

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18
Q

Where are osteocytes located?

A

Within Lacunae

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19
Q

What are concentric layers of matrix in bone called?

A

Lamellae

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20
Q

What is the central canal in an osteon known as?

A

Haversian canal

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21
Q

How many bones are in the vertebral column?

A

26 bones

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22
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7 Bones

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23
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12 bones

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24
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5 bones

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25
What are the bones of the skull classified as?
Cranial bones
26
What are the names of the bones in the cranium? (List them)
* Frontal Bone * Parietal bone * Occipital Bone * Temporal Bone * Sphenoid bone * Ethmoid bone
27
What are the components of the thoracic cage?
Thoracic Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum
28
How many pairs of true ribs are there?
7 pairs
29
How many pairs of false ribs are there?
3 pairs
30
How many pairs of floating ribs are there?
2 pairs
31
How many bones are in the wrist?
8 bones
32
How many metacarpals are in the hand?
5 bones
33
How many phalanges are in each finger?
3 bones
34
How many bones are in the thumb?
2 bones
35
How many tarsal bones are in the ankle?
7 bones
36
What is the heel bone called?
Calcaneus
37
How many phalange bones are in each toe?
3 bones
38
How many bones are in the big toe?
2 bones
39
What are the three types of cells in bone?
* Osteocytes * Osteoclasts * Osteoblasts
40
What is ossification?
The process of converting other tissues into bone.
41
What is intramembranous ossification?
A type of ossification that converts other tissues into bone.
42
What is endochondral ossification?
A type of ossification where cartilage is gradually replaced by bone.
43
Define remodeling in the context of bone.
The process of continuous breakdown and reformation of bone tissue.
44
What is a fracture?
A break or crack in the bone.
45
What is tissue?
Collections of cells and extracellular material that perform a specific but limited range of functions.
46
What is connective tissue?
Groups of specialized cells that give support, protection, and structure to other tissues and organs in the body.
47
List the functions of connective tissue.
* Structural framework * Fluid and solute transport * Physical protection * Tissue interconnection * Fat storage * Microorganism defense.
48
What are the three types of connective tissue proper?
* Loose connective * Adipose tissue * Dense connective tissue.
49
What are fluid connective tissues?
Tissues that contain various specialized cells circulating in a watery fluid, such as blood and lymph.
50
What are supporting connective tissues?
Tissues that provide structure and strength to protect softer tissues, such as bone and cartilage.
51
What are the two types of muscle tissue based on control?
* Voluntary (Skeletal Muscles) * Involuntary (Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle).
52
What are the functions of the muscular system?
* Produce movement of skeleton * Maintain posture & body position * Support soft tissues * Guard entrances and exits * Maintain body temperature.
53
What is epimysium?
The fibrous covering of the whole muscle.
54
What is perimysium?
The fibrous covering of a fascicle.
55
What is endomysium?
The fibrous covering of a single cell or muscle fiber.
56
What is the role of tendons?
Attachment from muscle to bone.
57
What is sarcolemma?
The muscle cell membrane.
58
What is sarcoplasm?
The muscle cell cytoplasm.
59
What is sarcoplasmic reticulum?
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum for muscles.
60
What are myofibrils?
Contraction organelles within muscle fibers.
61
What is a sarcomere?
The repeating structural unit of myofibrils.
62
What are myofilaments?
Thick and thin filaments composed of actin or myosin.
63
What characterizes cardiac muscle tissue?
* Composed of small cells * Single nucleus per cell * Focuses on aerobic metabolism * Contains intercalated discs. * Long contraction time (involuntary muscle). * Self-exciting.
64
What characterizes smooth muscle tissue?
* Non-striated cells, without sarcomeres * Calcium control * Wide range of operating lengths * Involuntary control (under hormonal or local control).
65
What is the origin of a muscle?
The muscle attachment that remains fixed.
66
What is the insertion of a muscle?
The muscle attachment that moves.
67
What are the primary action categories of muscles?
* Agonist * Synergist * Antagonist.
68
What does the term axial musculature refer to?
Muscles with origins on the axial skeleton that position and move the head, spine, and rib cage.
69
What does appendicular musculature refer to?
Muscles that stabilize or move appendicular components.
70
How many groups compose axial muscles?
Four groups: Head & Neck, Spine, Trunk, Pelvic Floor.
71
How many distinct groups compose appendicular muscles?
Two groups: Muscles of the shoulder & upper limbs and Muscles of the pelvic girdle & lower limbs.

IB Sports Exercise & Health Science (8 decks)

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