Topic #8: Endocrine System Flashcards by Stella Barajas [STUDENT]

What are the properties of the Endocrine System?

Regulates longer term metabolic processes, Shares features with the nervous system, Releases hormones from endocrine cells

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What are hormones?

Chemicals

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What do hormones alter?

Metabolism of cells

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What is hormonal release regulated by?

Negative feedback

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What do hormones act upon?

Target Cells

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What are the three chemical families of hormones?

Amino Acid Derivatives, Peptides & Proteins, and Lipid Derivatives

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Examples of Amino Acid Derivatives

Epinephrine, thyroid hormones

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Examples of Peptides & Proteins

Insulin, ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)

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Examples of Lipid Derivatives

Steroids (Testosterone) and Eicosanoids (Prostaglandins)

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What are Target Cells?

Peripheral cells that can respond to a particular hormone

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What are Hormone Receptors?

a protein in the cell membrane, or within the cytoplasm or nucleus, to which a hormone specifically binds to trigger its actions on a target cell.

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Where are Extracellular Receptors located?

Cell membrane

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What are Extracellular Receptors targeted by?

Amino Acid Derivatives, Peptides, Eicosanoids

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How do Extracellular Receptors operate?

Through a second messanger

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Where are intracellular receptors located?

Cytoplasm or Nucleus

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What are intracellular receptors targeted by?

Steroid and Thyroid hormones

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How do intracellular receptors operate?

Through changes in gene expression

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What do thyroid hormones also act on?

Mitochondira

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What are hormones inactivated by?

Binding to cell receptors, removal by liver/kidney cells, breakdown by extracellular enxymes

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Where do hormones directly enter to?

Capillaries

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Distribution is wide in it’s circulation…therefore…

most hormones travel free in solution and steroids, thyroid hormones bind to blood proteins for transport

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What do hormones leptin and guerlain do?

Take away hunger

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What does serotonin do?

Increases hunger (signal for hunger)

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What is Humoral (Fluid) Stimuli?

control of hormone release in accordance to non-hormonal chemicals in blood (nutrients or ions)

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Example of Humoral (Fluid) Stimuli

Blood level of Ca2+ directly controls parathyroid hormone and calcitonin release

Hormonal Stimuli Defined

Hormone triggers another hormone

Example of Hormonal Stimuli

Thyroid stimulating hormone triggers thyroid hormone release

Neural Stimuli Defined

Brain releases hormones

Example of Neural Stimuli

Epinephrine (adrenaline) release from adrenal gland

(Fill in blank(s)) Hypothalamus secrets hormone as an _______ _____.

Endocrine Organ

(Fill in the blank(s)) Hypothalamus secrets ________ _____ to control pituitary gland endocrine cells.

Regulatory hormones

(Fill in the blank(s)) ______ centers exert direct neural control of adrenal medulla

Autonomic

What is the Pituitary gland also called?

Hypothalamus or the "Master Gland"

What is common between all 9 of the important hormones released by the Pituitary galnds?

1. All are peptide hormones 2. All bind to to extracellular receptors 3. Each hormone plays a vital role in maintaining the body’s functions and wellbeing

What is the anterior pituitary gland controlled by?

regulatory hormones from hypothalamic neurons

What does the Hypophyseal portal system do?

transports hypothalamic hormones directly to anterior pituitary target cells

What is the anterior pituitary gland regulated by?

Negative Feedback control

What does the posterior pituitary gland release?

hormones from hypothalamic axons

Explain the Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland.

Lies near thyroid cartilage of larynx (Maintained by a rich blood supply), Consists of two lobes connected by the Isthmus, Contains numerous Thyroid Follicles

What do Thyroid Follicles produce and store?

Colloid

Production by thyroid follicles requires adequate intake of what (in diet)?

Iodine (helps produce thyroid hormones needed for metabolism).

What two hormones occur in (Thyroid)?

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyroine (T3)

What do the two hormones T4 and T3 do?

Increases metabolism and heat production (AKA Calorigenic Effect) and required for normal development.

What are C Cells also called?

Parafollicular cells

Where are C cells?

Scattered outside of follicle epithelium

What do C Cells secrete?

Calcitonin

What does Calcitonin do?

1. Lowers blood Ca2+ levels 2. Inhibits osteoclasts of bone 3. Increases urinary calcium loss (take away calcium)

What is the secretion of calcitonin triggered by?

High blood Ca2+ level

How many glands are embedded on Thyroid posterior?

What cells produce Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?

Chief Cells

What triggers secretion of PTH?

Low blood Ca2+

(Fill in the blank(s)) PTH speeds bone _______ by osteoclasts, increases dietary absorption: slows loss in kidney

breakdown

What does PTH do?

Raises blood Ca2+

Where is the Adrenal Gland located?

Lies along superior border of each kidney

What is the Adrenal Gland surrounded by?

Fibrous capsule

What are the 2 parts that make up the Adrenal Gland?

Adrenal Gland (outer) & Adrenal Medulla (inner)

What does the Adrenal Cortex do?

Makes steroid hormones (corticosteroids).

What is the secretion of Glucocorticoids stimulated by?

ACTH

What does the secretion of the Adrenal Cortex impact (Glucocorticoids)?

Glucose metabolism

What is an example of a mineralocorticoids?

Aldosterone (feeling of needing to go the luuu) (urine)

What is the secretion of Mineralocorticoids stimulated by?

Angiotensin II

What does Mineralocorticoids do?

Restricts loss of Water, Na" in urine sweat, digestive tract, saliva

What are Androgens?

A male hormone

What hormones does the Adrenal Medulla produce?

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

(Fill in the blanks) Adrenal Medulla in innervated by _______ ________ _______.

Preganglionic Nerve Fibers

What stimulates hormone secretion in the Adrenal Medulla?

Axons

What does secretion in the adrenal medulla cause?

Increases heart rate and force, releases glucose, fatty acids into blood, opens airways

What does the Pineal gland do?

Synthesizes melatonin

What does melatonin allow?

Inhibits reproductive function, Protects neural tissue from free radicals, Establishes daily wake-sleep cycle

What is the location of the Pancreas?

Lies behind stomach and beneath liver

What cells does the Pancreas have?

Both exocrine and endocrine cells

What are endocrine cells organized into (Pancreas)?

Islets of Langerhans

What Islet cells secrete?

Insulin and Glucagon

What is Insulin produced by and its role?

Produced by Beta Cells. Breaks down sugar in cells

What is Glucagon produced by and its role?

Produced by Alpha cells. Uptakes more glucose.

What do Exocrine cells secrete (pancreas)?

Enzyme rich digestive fluid

What are the actions of Insulin?

Lower blood glucose concentration (Increases glucose uptake, storage, and use by target cells)

What does Insulin target?

Liver, Muscle, fat cells

What are the actions of Glucagon?

Raises blood glucose concentration, increases glycogen breakdown and glucose synthesis

What does Glucagon target?

Liver cells

What do the Intestines secrete?

Hormones to control digestion

What are the 3 hormones secreted by the Kidneys?

Calcitriol, Erythropoietin, and Renin

What is the function of Calcitriol?

Stimulates calcium and phosphate absorption in intestine

What is the function of Erythropoietin (EPO)?

Stimulates RBCs production by bone marrow

What is the function of Renin?

Enzyme that triggers release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

What are the Endocrine Tissues in the Heart and their function?

Specialized muscle cells secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) to lower blood volume or blood pressure

What are the Endocrine Tissues in Adipose Tissue (Fat Cells) and their function?

Secrets Leptin to control appetite, Secrets Resistin to reduce insulin response

What are the Endocrine Tissues in the Thymus and their function?

Secrets Thymosins that control immune system defenses, Helps produce T-cells

When are Thymus secretions most active?

Prior to birth and up until puberty (after puberty gradually replaced by fatty tissue)

What are the Endocrine Tissues in the Testis (male gonad) and their function?

Interstitial cells secrete testosterone

What are the Endocrine Tissues in the Ovaries (female gonad) and their function?

Follicle cells secrete estrogens & Corpus luteum cells secrets both estrogens and progesterone

What are the Endocrine Tissues in the Placenta (temporary endocrine gland) and their function?

Secretes several hormones in pregnancy

Topic #8: Endocrine System Flashcards

(92 cards)