Topic #7: Nervous System

Question 1

What does the nervous system include all of??

Answer 1

All the neural tissue in the body

Question 2

What are the two different kinds of cells composed of in the body?

Answer 2

Neurons and Neuroglia/Glia

Question 3

What are the neurons?

Answer 3

Cells that can send and receive signals

Question 4

What are the Neuroglia/Glia?

Answer 4

Used to support and protect neurons

Question 5

What organs are consisted of in the Nervous System?

Answer 5

The brain, spinal cord, sensory receptors/sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, skin, and tongue), nerves connecting with other organ systems throughout the body (controlled by the subconscious)

Question 6

What are the anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 6

Central Nervous System (CNS) & Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 7

What is the CNS composed of?

Answer 7

Brain and Spinal cord, and contains neural tissue, connective tissue, and blood vessels

Question 8

What are the functions of the CNS?

Answer 8

Sensory data from inside and outside the body, motor commands control activities of peripheral organs, and higher functions for memory, intelligence, and emotion.

Question 9

What is in the PNS?

Answer 9

Includes all of the neural tissue outside of the CNS.

Question 10

What are the functions of the PNS?

Answer 10

Deliver sensory info to the CNS, carry motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems (to muscles or heart)

Question 11

What are nerves or peripheral nerves?

Answer 11

Bundles of axons with connective tissues and blood vessels, carry sensory info and motor commands in the PNS

Question 12

Where do the Cranial Nerves connect to?

Answer 12

The brain

Question 13

What do Spinal Nerves attach to?

Answer 13

The Spinal Cord

Question 14

What is Afferent Division?

Answer 14

Carries sensory information from PNS sensory receptors to CNS (sense anything that changes in the environment).

Question 15

What do effectors respond to?

Answer 15

efferent signals (from change in environment) cells or organs

Question 16

What are receptors?

Answer 16

Neurons or specialized cells that detect changes or respond to stimuli.

Question 17

What is efferent division?

Answer 17

Carried motor commands from CNS to PNS muscles and glands

Question 18

What is Efferent Division divided into?

Answer 18

Somatic Nervous System & Autonomic Nervous System

Question 19

What is the Somatic Nervous System?

Answer 19

Controls voluntary and involuntary muscle skeletal contractions such as reflexes (MUSCLES)- Voluntary movements.

Question 20

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

Answer 20

Controls subconscious actions, contractions of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, and granular secretions (Everything else, works automatically); Ex) Breathing, sweat glands, cardiac muscles

Question 21

What are the 4 types of Neuroglia?

Answer 21

Ependymal Cells, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia

Question 22

What are Ependymal Cells?

Answer 22

Cells with highly branches processes; contact neuroglia (Type of Neuroglia)

Question 23

What are Actrocytes?

Answer 23

Large cell bodies with many processes (Type of Neuroglia)

Question 24

What are Oligodendrocytes?

Answer 24

Smaller cell bodies with fewer processes (Type of Neuroglia)

Question 25

What are Microglia?

Answer 25

Smallest and least numerous with branched processes (Type of Neuroglia)

Question 26

What are the brain regions?

Answer 26

Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Cerebellum

Question 27

What are the functions of the Cerebrum?

Answer 27

Responsible for high-level brain function such as thinking, language, and emotion, and motivation 1. Sensory (receives sensory impulses) 2. Association (interprets and stores input to initiate a response) 3. Motor (transmits impulses to effectors)

Question 28

What is the Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex?

Answer 28

On top of the cerebrum- Composed of a highly folded surface (gyrii & sulci), Cerebral hemispheres, and separates frontal and parietal lobes.

Question 29

What are Gyri?

Answer 29

Elevated Ridges

Question 30

What are Sulci?

Answer 30

Shallow depressions

Question 31

What are the Cerebral Hemispheres?

Answer 31

Longitudinal Fissure and Central Sulcus.

Question 32

What are the functions of the Cerebral Cortex?

Answer 32

Hemispheres serve opposite body sites Hemispheric Lateralization (Right (Categorical Hemisphere) Versus Left (Representational Hemisphere))

Question 33

What is the basic function of the Categorical Hemisphere (right)?

Answer 33

Language Based Skills

Question 34

Representation Hemisphere function?

Answer 34

Logical Analysis

Question 35

How does the brain obtain energy?

Answer 35

By using glucose and oxygen, which passes rapidly from the blood to the brain cells

Question 36

What does Aerobic Respiration do?

Answer 36

transforms glucose and oxygen into ATP

Question 37

Why must the supply of glucose be continuous?

Answer 37

Since Carbohydrate storage in the brain is limited.

Question 38

Defined Diencephalon

Answer 38

Integration of conscious and unconscious motor and sensory pathways.

Question 39

What are the components of the Diencephalon?

Answer 39

Epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 40

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 40

Perception of sensations (paint, temp, and pressure); cognition

Question 41

What are the functions of the Hypothalamus?

Answer 41

1. Drives emotions and behaviors Coordinates nervous and endocrine systems 2. Controls heart rate, blood pressure, electrolyte balance 3. Regulates body temp, appetite, and thirst

Question 42

What is part of the Brain Stem (Brain Stem Anatomy)?

Answer 42

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 43

What is the function of the brain stem?

Answer 43

Serves as the respiratory and cardiovascular control center

Question 44

What is the function of the Cerebellum

Answer 44

1. Helps to smooth and coordinate sequences of skeletal muscle contraction 2. Regulates posture and balance 3. Learns skilled motor activities