Topic #2: Exercise Physiology Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
A
Gas exchange between blood and air
This includes moving air to and from exchange surfaces, protecting exchange surfaces from environmental variations, producing sounds, and detecting olfactory stimuli.
2
Q
List the components of the respiratory system.
A
- Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Lungs
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
3
Q
What is the role of the external nares?
A
Admit air into the respiratory system
The external nares are also known as nostrils.
4
Q
What does the respiratory mucosa do?
A
Lines the nasal cavity with respiratory epithelium and mucous glands
Mucus traps inhaled dirt, pathogens, etc.
5
Q
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
A
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
6
Q
What is the function of the epiglottis?
A
Covers the glottis during swallowing to keep solids and liquids out of airways
7
Q
What is the trachea also known as?
A
Windpipe
8
Q
What structures branch from the trachea?
A
- Right primary bronchi
- Left primary bronchi
- Secondary bronchi
- Tertiary bronchi
9
Q
What is the diameter of bronchioles?
A
Less than 1.0 mm
10
Q
How is smooth muscle in bronchioles controlled?
A
By the Autonomic Nervous System
11
Q
What causes bronchodilation?
A
Sympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous System
12
Q
What causes bronchoconstriction?
A
Parasympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous System
13
Q
What is excess bronchoconstriction a cause of?
A
Asthma
14
Q
What shape do alveoli resemble?
A
A blackberry
15
Q
What is the respiratory membrane made of?
A
- Simple squamous epithelium
- Shared basement membrane
- Capillary endothelium
16
Q
What do septal cells produce?
A
Surfactant to reduce collapse
17
Q
How many lobes do the lungs comprise?
A
Five lobes
18
Q
What separates the lobes of the lungs?
A
Deep fissures
19
Q
What is pulmonary ventilation?
A
Moving air into and out of the respiratory tract; Breathing
20
Q
What is the normal respiratory rate for adults?
A
12 to 18 breaths/minute
21
Q
What is hyperventilation?
A
Not enough oxygen enters the alveoli, leading to fainting
22
Q
What occurs during external respiration?
A
Diffusion of gases between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood
23
Q
What occurs during internal respiration?
A
Diffusion of gases between blood and interstitial fluids
24
Q
What is the role of arterial blood?
A
Delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
25
What is significant about gas reactions with blood?
They are completely reversible
26
What does the cardiovascular system provide rapid transport for in the body?
Nutrients, hormones, waste products, respiratory gasses, cells, heat
27
The heart pumps blood into 2 circuits in a sequence...
Pulmonary and systemic circuit
28
Where does the Pulmonary circuit pump blood to?
To and from the lungs (remember pulmonary respiration)
29
Where does the Systemic circuit pump blood to?
To and from the rest of the body.
30
What are the two set of pumping chambers in the Heart?
Right Atrium- Receives systemic blood (Systemic), Right Ventricle- Pumps blood to lungs (Pulmonary), Left atrium- Receives blood from lungs (pulmonary), Left ventricle- Pumps blood to organ systems (Systemic)
31
What is the Heart Wall made of?
Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium), Myocardium, and Endocardium.
32
What is the Epicardium to the heart?
Outermost layer of heart wall, loose connective tissue & epithelium
33
What is the Myocardium to the heart?
Middle layer of the heart wall, cardiac muscle tissue
34
What is the Endocardium to the heart?
Inner lining of pumping chambers (heart wall)
35
What is the Inter-atrial Septum?
Separates atria, thin fibromuscular wall separates the right and left atria of the heart.
36
What are the Inter-ventricular Septum?
Separates ventricles (the muscular wall that separates the left and right ventricles (lower chambers) of the heart, ensuring proper blood flow and electrical conduction)
37
Atrioventricular valves (AV Valve) defined
One is opening, then the other closes the ummp ummp sound of the heart (so blood passes in a one way direction, everything is flowing in the right direction). Ensure one-way flow from the atrium to the ventricle.
38
Where is the AV valves located?
Located between the atrium and ventricle.
39
A in Arteries FOR...
Blood flow AWAY from the heart
40
What are the 3 kinds of blood vessels?
Arteries, Capillaries, Veins
41
What is the function of Arteries?
Carry blood away from the heart and carry it to the capillaries
42
Capillaries function/defined?
Microscopic vessels where exchange between cell and blood takes place
43
Veins function?
Receive blood from capillaries and carry it back to the heart
44
What three layers are in the arteries and veins?
Tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica externa
45
Tunica interna description
Innermost layer (endothelium, is smooth= allows blood to travel quickly) in contact with blood
46
Tunica media description
Middle layer of smooth muscle (smooth muscle= contract involuntarily)
47
What are Vasoconstriction?
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels
48
What is Vasodilation?
vasodilation is the widening of them
49
Tunica externa described
Outer layer of loose connective tissue
50
What are the types of Arteries?
Elastic Arteries, Muscular Arteries, and Arterioles
51
Properties and structure of elastic Arteries
Largest arteries, closest to the heart, stretch during systole, recoil during diastole.
52
Properties and structure of Arterioles
Tiny branches of small arteries, feeders of capillary networks
53
What are the properties of capillaries?
- Where exchange between blood and cells take place
- Organized into interconnected capillary beds
- Vasomotion of precapillary sphincters (bands of smooth muscle) controls flow
54
What are the properties of veins?
- Collect blood from capillaries
- Merger into medium-sized veins
- Merge then into large veins (Blood pressure is low here, Valves keep blood flowing toward the heart)
55
What are venules?
Small blood vessels that connect capillaries to veins.
56
What is whole blood fractionated into?
Plasma (liquid component) and formed elements (cellular components)
57
What can Forced elements of whole blood be fractionated into?
RBCs, WBCs, Platelets
58
What are the functions of blood?
Transport of cells and compounds; Regulate pH and electrolytes of interstitial fluids; limit blood loss through damaged vessels; defend against pathogens, toxins; Absorb, distribute heat as a part of temperature regulation
59
Home much of the whole blood volume is RBCs or erythocytes?
45%
60
How much of formed elements is made of RBCs?
99.9%
61
What are RBCs produced by?
Hemopoiesis
62
What is Hemopoiesis?
The cellular pathways by which the formed elements are produced. (RBCs produce in bone and then pulled by this process)- the ways the RBCs are produced
63
What are the properties of RBCs?
1. Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood stream
2. Have large surface to volume ratio (thinner in the middle, outside of circle thick) (speeds up gas loading/unloading)
3. Lacks most organelles (makes more room for hemoglobin)
4. Degenerate after about 120 days
5. Have no nucleus
64
What is blood type determined by?
Presence of absence of specific antigens (agglutinogens) on outside surface of RBC
65
What are antigens called?
A, B, Rh (Rh=protein)
66
What do antibodies (agglutinins) in plasma react with on RBCs?
Foreign antigens (RBCs clump and break open
67
What are WBC called?
Leukocytes
68
What do WBC's defend the body against?
Pathogens, toxins, abnormal cells, damaged cells
69
What is Diapedesis (performed by WBCs)?
Push between cells to cross blood vessel walls and enter the tissues.
70
What is Chemotaxis (exhibited by WBCs)?
Move toward specific chemicals released by bacteria or injured cells (immediately gravitated by damage or foreign material)
71
What are the two groups of WBC's?
Granulocytes (cytoplasmic Granules) & Agrenulocytes (no Granules)
72
What are the 3 types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
73
What are Neutrophils?
Type of Granulocytes, 50-70% of circulating WBCs, Phagocytic (eat up any foreign materials)
74
What are Eosiinophils?
Type of Granulocyte, less common, attracted to foreign proteins, phagocytic (eats up any foreign materials)
75
What are Basophils?
Type of Granulocyte, release histamine, promotes inflammation (common is bug bites/inflammation)
76
What are the 2 types of Agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes, Monocytes
77
What are Lymphocytes?
Type of Agranulocyte. Found mostly in lymphatic system (found in lymphatic vessels)
Function: Attack foreign cells, produce antibodies, destroy abnormal (cancer) cells
78
What are Monocytes?
Type of Agranulocyte
Function: Migrate into tissues, become macrophages (later), live at phagocytic amoeba
79
What is Cardiac Output?
Stoke Voume x Heart Rate
80
Stroke Volume defined
Volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat
81
What is heart rate?
frequency of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions of the heart per min
82
What is Cardiovascular Drift (***IB)?
Cardiovascular Drift occurs when an increase of body temperature results in a lower venous return to the heart, a small decrease in blood volume from sweating. A reduction in stroke volume causes the heart rate to increase to maintain cardiac output.
83
What is Blood Viscosity?
measure of the resistance of blood to flow. It can also be described as the thickness and stickiness of blood.
Thicker: Easy to flow
Thinner= lot of bleeding to follow
84
What is blood pressure?
The contraction and relaxation of the chamber walls cause changes to the pressure exerted on the blood to drive it through and out of the heart and around the body.
85
What is Systolic Pressure?
the force exerted by blood on arterial
walls during ventricular contraction. (Top #)
86
What is Diastolic Blood Pressure?
the force exerted by blood on arterial
walls during ventricular relaxation. (Bottom #)
