Topic 1.6 Flashcards
Developments in Europe (57 cards)
1
Q
What happened to Europe after the Roman Empire declined in the 5th and 6th centuries?
- What happened to trade?
- What was the Roman empire replaced with? How did European kings respond to this?
- Who remained powerful in most of Europe from Roman Times to the 16th century?
A
- Western Europe entered the Middle Ages (medieval period)
- European trade declined, intellectual life receded, and the united Roman state was replaced by smaller kingdoms that frequently fought for control.
- In response, European kings, lords, and peasants worked out agreements to provide for common defense.
- The Roman Catholic Church remained powerful
2
Q
When did learning and trade revive?
- What was this era called?
A
- Between 1000 to 1450, learning and trade began to revive in Europe.
- This era was called the High Middle Ages.
3
Q
What is Feudalism?
A
European civilization in the Middle Ages was characterized by a decentralized political organization based on a system of exchanges of land for loyalty known as feudalism.
4
Q
What did people need with this strong lacking government system?
A
- People needed protection form bandits, rival lords, and invaders such as the Vikings from northern Europe.
5
Q
What was the core of feudalism?
- What was their hierarchy system?
A
- The core of feudalism was a system of mutual obligations:
- Monarch, Lords, Knights, Peasants
6
Q
Role of a Monarch?
A
- Monarch -> Usually a king, granted tracts of land called fiefs to lords.
7
Q
Role of a Lord?
A
- Lords -> Were the king’s vassal (person who owed service to another person of higher status) and provided land to the knights and peasants.
8
Q
Role of a Knight?
A
- Knights -> Became vassals to the lords, and pledged to fight for their lord or king.
9
Q
Role of a Peasant?
A
- Peasants -> In return for land, they were obliged to farm their lord’s land and provide them with crops and livestock, and to obey the lord’s orders.
10
Q
What did the feudal system provide?
- What was it based on?
A
- Feudalism provided some security for peasants, equipment for warriors, and land to those who served a lord.
- The entire system was based on agriculture, wealth was measured in land rather than in cash.
11
Q
What was the code of chivalry?
- How did it effect women?
A
- The feudal system incorporated a ‘code of chivalry’ - an unwritten set of rulers for conduct focusing on honor, courtesy, and bravery as a way to resole disputes.
- Women were to be protected, the code put them on a pedestal while not inventing them with any significant additional importance.
12
Q
What was the Manorial System?
- Who worked on them?
A
- Large fiefs of land were referred to as manors
- Provided economic self-sufficiency and defense
- Provided everything that people living on it required, limited the need for trade or contact with outsiders
- Serfs were tied to the land
- could not travel without permission from their lords
- could not marry without permission
- they paid tribute in the form of crops, labor, or coins
- children born to serfs also became serfs
13
Q
What was the three-field system?
- Describe the three fields
A
- Crops were rotated through three fields
- One field was planted with wheat or rye, crops that provided food.
- A second field was planted with legumes (peas, lentils, or beans), this made the soil more fertile by adding nitrogen to it.
- A third field was allowed to remain fallow or unused
14
Q
Describe agricultural innovations
- What did it promote?
A
Windmills and new types of plows
- Promoted population growth
15
Q
What political system slowly began to overthrow the feudal system?
A
Monarchies grew more powerful at the expense of feudal lords by employing their own bureaucracy and a military.
- These employees worked directly for the king and queen
16
Q
Who established the bureaucracy in France?
A
- King Phillip II (1180-1223)
17
Q
What was the Estates General?
- Under which ruler did the first Estates General meet?
A
- Was a body to advise the king that included representatives from each of the three legal classes, or estates, in France: Clergy, Nobility, Commoners
- Under Philip IV (1285-1314) was when the first met
18
Q
What German King was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962?
A
Otto I
- His successors survived the power struggle with the papacy over the lay investiture controversy of the 11th and 12th centuries.
19
Q
What was the Concordat of Worms of 1122?
A
It was the resolution of the papacy dispute over whether a secular leader, rather than the Pope, could invest bishops with the symbols of office.
- The Church achieved autonomy from secular authorities
20
Q
When did the Holy Roman Empire come to a decline and when did it end?
A
- Remained vibrant until it was virtually destroyed during the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
- It’s formal end was when Napoleon invaded central Europe in 1806.
21
Q
Who were the Normans?
A
-Descendants of Vikings who settled in Northwestern France, a region known as Normandy
- The fusion of Normans and Anglo-Saxons created the modern English people.
22
Q
Who was William the Conqueror? (1066)
A
- A Norman King
- Successfully invaded England, which gave him kingdoms on both sides of the English channel.
- Managed by organizing a tight feudal system
23
Q
What was the Magna Carta, and why was it established?
- Who was forced to sign it?
A
- Many English Nobles objected the power of William and the succeeding Norman monarchs.
- These nobles forced limits on their power.
- The Magna Carta required the king to respect certain rights such as the right to a jury trial before a noble could be sentenced to prison.
- King John was forced to sign it.
24
Q
When was English Parliament formed?
- What did it increase?
A
- 1265
- These developments increased the rights of the English nobility, but not the general population.
25
When was the 100 Years' War fought and between what two countries?
- What did English soldiers use?
- Between 1337 and 1453
- The rival monarchies of England and France
- English soldiers used longbows
- Also demonstrated the power of gunpowder
26
What were the two most important results of the 100 Years' War?
1. How people saw themselves
2. How they fought
- Started identifying themselves as 'English' and 'French' rather than from a particular region, the rise of Nationalism.
27
What was the Reconquista?
Muslims had conquered Spain in the 8th century, the Christians had wanted to reconquer it, it was completed in 1492.
28
What was the Great Schism?
The division between the Western Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, because they disagreed on Papal authority, lines in the Nicene Creed, and the concept of the Holy Spirit proceeding from the Father and the Son.
29
How was the Church involved in Education and Art?
- The Church established the first universities in Europe.
- All artists worked for the Church
* Most artwork focused on religious themes, which provided images to help, illiterate serfs understand the Bible.
30
What were the roles of Church and State?
- The Church held great power in the feudal system.
* Many disliked the idea of this
31
What is Monasticism?
Some Christian clergy withdrew to monasteries to meditate and pray, they remained part of the economies of Western Europe.
- Women would become nuns and men would train to become priests.
32
How did the Church become corrupt?
With increasing wealth and political power in the state let to corruption during the 13th and 14th centuries
- Led to reformers such as Martin Luther
33
What led to the Christian Crusades?
- The Muslims had taken control of the Holy Land which is of significance to Jews, Christians, and Muslims.
1. Christians enjoyed going to the Holy Land, yet with the Muslims in charge, they were not able to access these lands for centuries.
2. Merchants also wanted access to these lands
3. Laws of primogeniture pressured younger sons to join the crusades and help push the Muslims out of
- The combination of these religious, social, and economic pressures resulted in the Crusades (1095-1200s)
- Politics shaped the conduct of Crusades
34
What was primogeniture?
The eldest son in the family inherited the entire estate, and left the younger sons with little wealth and land.
35
How did the Church use their spiritual authority to recruit believers?
- Indulgences
- Simony
- They used the Crusades to recruit believers
- Sold indulgences -> promised people they would reach Heaven sooner if they joined a Crusade.
- Simony -> the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges
36
Why was the First Crusade important?
- It was the only clear victory for Christendom.
* Conquered Jerusalem in 1099, however Muslims took it back under Saladin regained control in 1187
37
What did the Crusades promote?
- Promoted cultural exchange between Europe and the Middle East.
- Crusades increased the demand for Middle Eastern goods.
38
What did local economic self-sufficiency in Europe gradually give way to?
It gave way to an interest in goods from other European areas and from far-flung ports.
39
How did Marco Polo impact Europe?
- He was an Italian native from Venice, visited the court of Kublai Khan in Dadu
* His descriptions of their customs of the people he met intrigued Europeans.
- Curiosity about Asia skyrocketed, stimulating interest in cartography, or mapmaking.
40
How did long-distance commerce the social pyramid of Western Europe?
- The middle class, between the elite nobles and clergy and the mass of peasants, began to grow.
* Known as the bourgeoisie or burghers -> included shopkeepers, merchants, craftspeople, and small landholders.
41
How did renewed commerce effect urban growth?
- What demand increase
-With renewed commerce came larger cities.
- Changes to the three-field system and other advances in agriculture led to population growth in the late Middle Ages.
* This agricultural surplus encouraged the growth of towns and of markets that could operate more frequently than just on holidays.
- As the demand for more labor on the manors increased, the supply decreased
42
What was the impact of the Bubonic Plague?
- Who was blamed for spreading it?
- Killed 1/3 of the population
- The growing demand for labor and the death of so many people have serfs more bargaining power with lords.
- Mongols were blamed for spreading it
43
What was the Little Ice Age?
- How did it affect the world?
- A five century cooling of the climate
1. Lower temperatures reduced agricultural productivity
2. Lead to disease and unemployment
3. Crime increased
4. Groups that already faced discrimination like the Jews were victims of scapegoating
44
Why did people begin to hate the Jews?
- What is Anti-Semitism
- Anti-Semitism: Anti-Jewish sentiment
1. They were not bound for the Christian's charge of interest and became moneylenders
2. They were blamed for a lot of things they could not control
45
What did the Christians think of the Jews?
- Thought of them as outsiders and untrustworthy
- They were expelled from England in 1290, France in 1394, Spain in 1492, and Portugal in 1497
46
What was the only place that the Jews were excepted?
The Ottoman Empire
47
Which two religions were under persecution yet helped shape society in this time?
The Jews and Muslims
48
Describe the Gender Roles at this time in Europe?
- Women found their rights eroding as a wave of patriarchal thinking and writing accompanied the movement from an agricultural society to a more urban one.
- Used their skills of administration and leadership in manors and in religious orders
- Some became parts of guilds or became artisans
- Islamic women enjoyed more rights of equality
49
Define the Renaissance
- Means 'rebirth'
- Was a period characterized by a revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, art, culture, and civic virtue
50
How did Scholars contributed to this period?
- What did Johannes Gutenburg make?
- Scholars recovered and studied decaying manuscripts that had been written many centuries earlier.
- Gutenburg made the moveable-type printing press initiated a revolution in print technology
* Allowed manuscripts to be mass produced at relatively affordable costs
* Fostered a growth in literacy
51
What was Humanism?
The focus on individuals rather than God.
* Sought education and reform, they began to write secular literature.
52
Examples of some cultural changes in the Renaissance
1. Increased use of the vernacular language
2. Propelled the Rise of powerful monarchies
3. The centralization of governments
4. The birth of nationalism
53
Where did the southern Renaissance take place?
- Who supported it?
- The regions of Italy and Spain, church patronage supported the Renaissance
- Wealthy Families used their money to support painters, sculptors, and architects
54
Who wrote the Canterbury Tales in the Northern Renaissance?
- What were they about?
Geoffrey Chaucer
- Portrayed a microcosm of middle-class occupations in England, including several Church positions.
55
Extensive trade of ________, _________, and _________ connected people from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean to Central Asia.
furs, fish, and grain
56
What city-state was at the center of Russian trade?
- What religion did they adopt?
Kievan Rus
- Adopted Orthodox Christianity
57
Who conquered the region of Kievan Rus?
- What was the effect of this?
- Who drove them out? What was this the beginning of?
In the 13th century, the Mongols overtook the region
- It developed separately from the rest of Europe
- In the 15th century, Ivan the Great drove out the Mongols
* This was the beginning of the modern state of Russia
