Topic 2.3 Flashcards
Exchange in the Indian Ocean (32 cards)
1
Q
What profession did Muhammed have and what did he encourage others?
A
- He was a merchant
- He encouraged people to travel and learn
- Dar al-Islam (House of Islam)
2
Q
How did Dar al-Islam connect and spread?
A
- Connected societies from North Africa to South Africa
- Imperial armies spread Islam around the world
- Merchants’ connections to Dar al-Islam interacted developments in sailing tech and environmental knowledge to transform the Indian Ocean into an economic hot spot during the Postclassical Era
3
Q
What kind of goods did the Indian Ocean Trade carry?
A
Common goods -> could carry more
4
Q
What area benefitted from this trade? and why?
A
South Asia, it was in the middle of the Indian Ocean
5
Q
How did religion influence this trade route?
A
- The expansion of Islam connected more cities than ever before.
- Muslim Persians and Arab were dominant seafarers and were instrumental in transporting gods to port cities across the Indian Ocean.
6
Q
Importance of Calicut and port cities?
A
- Port-cities became thriving centers of trade due to interactions with merchants from East Africa and SW Asia.
- Calicut was a bustling port city that attracted merchants in search of spiced from southern India
- Foreign merchants from Arabia and China met to exchange goods from West and East.
- Local rulers welcomed Muslims and Chinese merchants, as it brought the city wealth.
7
Q
What products was India known for?
A
- Cotton, carpets, steel, tanned leather, pepper, stonework
8
Q
What were the Spice Islands?
A
- In modern day Malaysia and Indonesia
- Had nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, and cardamom
9
Q
What came from the Swahili Coast?
A
- Enslaved People, ivory, gold
10
Q
What came from China?
A
Silks and Porcelain
11
Q
What came from Southwest Asia?
A
Horses, Figs, and Dates
12
Q
What was the Indian Ocean Slave Trade?
A
- Most Africans were enslaved and sent to the Americas
- By routes in the Indian Ocean trade or on land slaves were sold to buyers in northern
- Likely to provided forced labor in seaports in the shipping industry and as household servants. Some sailors and soldiers.
- This trade reached its peak in 18th and 19th centuries.
- Lived in towns and cities
13
Q
What were the results of Indian Ocean Slave Trade?
A
- African words, musical styles, and customs can be found in Oman, India, and elsewhere.
14
Q
How did environmental knowledge impact exploration?
A
- Monsoon Winds: In the winter the winds would come from the NE, in the spring and summer, from the SW
- Merchants has to time their voyages carefully
15
Q
Advances in Maritime Technology
A
- Travelers needed ships capable of navigating the Indian Ocean’s winds
- Arab sailors used sailing technology to aid their travel
1. Lateen Sails: triangle shaped sails -> directed the ship
2. Stern Rudder: gave ships more stability + easier to direct
3. Dhows: Boat
4. Astrolabe: could determine how far north or south you were from the equator.
16
Q
Why did the Indian Ocean foster the growth of cities?
A
- To help institutionalize the revenue from trade
17
Q
What was the importance of Malacca?
A
- Muslim city-state, Malacca (Melaka) became wealthy by building a navy and imposing fees on ships that passed through the Strait of Malacca
- Its prosperity was based on trade rather than agriculture or mining or manufacturing
18
Q
What were the causes (and also effects) of the expansion of exchange networks in the Indian Ocean?
A
- Diasporic Communities
- Responses to Increased Demand
- Swahili City-States
- Significant Cultural Transfers
19
Q
How were Diasporic Communities created? What are they? Why were they important?
A
- Without the arrival of merchants in distant lands, trade could not have expanded
- These merchants interacted with the surrounding cultures and peoples of the region
- Merchants stayed in Western Indian port cities permanently because they married women they met there.
- Diasporic Communities: Settlements of people away from their homeland
- Introduced their own cultures traditions into the indigenous cultures.
- Those cultures in return influenced the culture of the merchants
20
Q
How did the responses to increased demand influence the Indian Ocean Trade?
A
- Caused trade to expand
- More crops, to make more textiles, to manufacture iron
- Roles of the state increased even more to oversee these efforts and to raise money through customs
- Taxes on Imported
- Fees for the use of seaports
21
Q
How increased demand influenced the Indian Rajput Kingdoms?
A
- Kingdom of Gujarat became the go-to for trade between the East and West
- The revenue from customs in Gujarat was many times more than the entire worth of some European states.
22
Q
What were the Swahili States?
A
- ‘Coasters’ referred to the inhabitants of bustling commercial centers, such as Kilwa, Mombasa, and Zanzibar.
- Also known as the Zanj Coast
23
Q
What did the Swahili States sell?
- Who did they sell it to?
- What did they get in exchange?
A
- They sold, ivory, gold, tortoise shells, peacock feathers, rhinoceros horns and enslaved people
- They were Arabs and sold to their Arab trading partners
- In exchange they acquired Chinese porcelain, Indian cotton, and manufactured iron work
24
Q
How did trade effect the Swahili coast?
A
- Trade so vigorous you can still find porcelain remains among the ruins of Swahili cities.
- Trade brought considerable wealth
- Architectural ruins in Kilwa suggest their wealth and grandeur
25
How did cultural transfers cause the Indian ocean trade?
1. The transfer of knowledge, culture, technology, commerce, and religion intensified as a result of thriving trade in the Indian Ocean Basin
26
Who was Zheng He?
- What did his voyages reflect?
- He was a Muslim Chinese admiral (1371-1433)
- Reflects the transfer of culture, as well as the conflicts it sometimes generated.
27
Describe Zheng He's voyages
- Who sent him?
1. Ming Emperor Yongle sent him on the first of seven
2. Traveled to Indonesia, Ceylon, and other coastal areas on the Indian Ocean, to Arabia, and to the east coast of Africa as well as to the Cape of Good Hope.
3. Massive fleet: 300 ships that carried 28,000 people
28
What were the main purposes of Zheng He's Voyages?
1. To display the might of the Ming Dynasty to the rest of the world
2. To receive tribute from the people he encountered
29
What were the results of Zheng He's Voyages?
1. Won prestige for the Chinese government
2. Opened up new markets for Chinese goods
3. Brought back exotic treasures and new understanding of the world
4. Inspired some to immigrate to port in SE Asia
5. Yet, they stirred controversy
30
How did Zheng He's Voyages stir controversy?
1. Confucianism promoted a stable lifestyle, and scholars thought that greater interaction with trade would threaten China's social order
2. Some looked down on other cultures deeming them barbaric
3. Voyages were too expensive
31
Who put an end to Zheng He's Voyages?
Emperor Yongle's successor, his son Zhu Gaozhi
- Also discouraged all Chinese from sailing away from China
- To emphasize this point, he made building a ship with more than two masts a punishable offense
32
What was the one positive result of Zheng He's Voyages?
Put a stop to pirate activities off the coast of China and in SE Asia.
