Topic 4.6 Flashcards
Internal and External Challenges to State Power (22 cards)
After being pushed out of South Asia, where did the Portuguese look to build a colony?
Looked to Africa, where it carried out slave raids since the 15th century
Who was Ana Nzinga?
Became ruler of Ndongo in south-central Africa
- In exchange for protection from neighboring powers and an end to Portugal’s raids
- Became an ally of Portugal
- Was baptized Christian
What happened to the alliance between Ndongo and Portugal?
Nzinga and her people fled west taking over Matamba
- She then incited a rebellion in Ndongo and allied with the Dutch and offered freedom in Matamba to enslaved Africans
Where did the challenge to state power from in Russia?
Pressures on state power came from within Russia
- Conditions improved for serfs in Western Europe, the same was not true for the serfs in Russia
- Wars in the 14th and 15th century weakened the central government and increased the power of the nobility
Why did the serfs in Russia rebel?
Nobles imposed harsh conditions on serfs
- They had long been oppressed
- The Mongols and then the Russians collected heavy taxes and tributes from the peasants
- Debts increased and more and more peasants went into serfdom
How did serfdom benefit from the government? How did in benefit landowners?
The serfs benefitted from the government because it kept peasants under control.
- Serfdom also benefitted the landowners because it provided free labor
What type of life did the serfs have, even after 1649?
Russia kept serfs tied to the land long after the practice has ended, practically if not legally, in Western Europe
- Elizabeth I freed the last remained serfs in England in 1574
- In contrast, a law of 1649 chained Russian serfs to the lands where they were born and ensured their landlords, who could buy and sell them and administer punishments
- The village communes, called mirs, also controlled even the small landholders among the peasants
Who were the Cossacks and why were they important to mother Russia?
Near the Black Sea, peasants who were skilled fighters lived on the grassy, treeless steppes.
- Many were runaway serfs who lived in small groups, influenced by the ways of the neighboring nomadic descendants of Mongols
- However, these fiercely independent warriors could also be hired as mercenaries to defend
Who was Yemelyan Pugachev? What did he attempt in Russia against Kathrine the Great and how did that work out?
- Began a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great in 1774 for giving the nobility power over the serfs on their lands in exchange for political loyalty, leaving the peasants without ties of recourse to the state.
- Controlled the territory between the Volga River and the Urals
- Was executed by the Russian government
What was the impact of the Pugachev Rebellion?
- Caused Catherine to increase her oppression of the peasants in return for the support of the nobles to help her avoid future revolts.
What was the Maratha Empire?
The Maratha Empire -> a Hindu warrior group - fought the Mughals in a series of battles from 1680-1707
- Then Britain took control of their rule
What was the Pueblo Revolt? What was the outcome?
- The Pueblo Revolt took place in 1680 against the Spanish in what is now New Mexico
- The Pueblo and Apache, two indigenous groups, fought against colonizers who were trying to force religious conversations
- Killed about 400 Spaniards and destroyed Catholic churches
- The Spanish reconquered the area in 1692
What were the Maroon Wars?
Spain colonized much of the Caribbean, England’s power there grew stronger
- England defeated Spanish colonists and took control of much of Jamaica
- Enslaved people fought to gain freedom in the Maroon Wars
Who was Queen Nanny?
Maroons were descendants of Africans who has escaped slavery in Jamaica.
- They escaped their owners and formed independent settlement
- She herself escaped slavery, united all the maroons of the island
What was the Gloucester County Rebellion and what was the outcome?
- The first recorded slaver revolt in the United States \
- In Virginia in 1663
- In this rebellion, enslaved Africans and white indentured servants conspired together to demand their freedom from the governor
- The government figured out the plot and arrested them
What was the Metacom’s War?
- The English continued to pressure to control Native American lands resulting in Metacom’s War
- This conflict was the conflict was the final major effort of the indigenous people to drive the British from New England
Where did the Metacom War take place?
- New England
- Resulted in the destruction of 12 towns
- The Mohegan and Pequot sided with the English
How did the Metacom War end?
Ended with the subjugation of the Wampanoag people to the English colonists
What happened to the rule of James II?
- Struggles for power took place within England as well
- James II became king in 1685
- James was Catholic, and his anti-Protestant measures enraged many English people
How was William of Orange involved?
A group of nobles invited him to invade England with an army and became the new king.
- He agreed, landing in England in 1688, James fled to France
- Was James’ nephew and son-in-law
Who was Mary II?
- William of Oranges’ wife
- Began their joint rule of England
- Both William and Mary were Protestant
What was the Glorious Revolution?
- Also called the Bloodless Revolution
- It strengthened the power of Parliament, which passed a law forbidding Catholics to rule England
- Religious tensions continued in England and throughout much of the world.
