Topic 3.3 Flashcards
Empires: Belief Systems (48 cards)
1
Q
What began the Protestant Reformation?
A
- The Roman Catholic Church faced many challenges in the European shift from feudalism to centralized governments
- Efforts to curb corruption resulted in numerous Church counsels and reform movements, however, attempts at reform were unsuccessful
2
Q
What did John Wycliffe argue?
A
- Argued that priests were unnecessary for salvation
- Vilified for translating parts of the Bible into the English vernacular to make it available to the mass of believers
3
Q
What did Jan Hus believe?
A
- His followers were called Hussites
- Believed in similar things as Wycliffe
- Burned at the stake
4
Q
What did Huldrych Zwingli campaign for?
A
- Campaigned in Geneva for a religion that would follow the exact teachings of the scriptures and discard customs that had evolved later
5
Q
What was the Babylonian Captivity?
A
- (1309-1377)
- When the papacy was located in France rather than in Rome
- The Captivity gave French rulers greater influence over the Church, even the ability to decide who should be pope
- In the eyes of the believers, the Church suffered further when it failed to stop the Black Death
6
Q
Who were the three major figures of the Protestant Reformation?
A
Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII
7
Q
How did Lutheranism come to be?
A
- A monk named Martin Luther in Wittenberg, a German city in the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806), concluded that several traditional church practices violated biblical teachings.
8
Q
What did Martin Luther object to?
A
- The sales of Indulgences
- Simony
9
Q
What were Indulgences?
A
- Which was said to grant a person absolution from the punishments of sin (free pass to Heaven)
10
Q
What was Simony?
A
- The selling of church offices
11
Q
What were Luther’s 95 Theses?
A
- Luther defiantly challenged the Church by nailing his charges, his 95 Theses, to a church door
12
Q
What did Martin Luther advocate for?
A
- Advocated for the theological stance of ‘sola fide’ (faith alone)
- Meaning you only need faith to get to Heaven
- He was excommunicated in January 1521.
- Women could have direct access to God just as men could
- Believed that women had significant roles in the family, like teaching their children to read the Bible
13
Q
How did the excommunication of Luther lead to something bigger?
A
- Several German political leaders saw an opportunity to free themselves from the power of the pope.
- They sided with Luther
- The argument became a major split
14
Q
Who was John Calvin? What book did he write?
A
- A theologian who broke with the Catholic Church around 1530
- He wrote The Institutes of the Christian religion and helped reform the religious community in Geneva, Switzerland
15
Q
Describe the elect of Calvinism, and how were the communities run?
A
- The elect were those predestined to go to Heaven
- They ran the community, which was based on plain living, simple churches, and governance by the elders of the church
16
Q
Who were Calvin’s followers in France and England called?
A
- France: Huguenots
- Britain: Puritans
- Were part of the Reformed Church of Scotland, led by John Knox
- Wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic Remnants
17
Q
What was the ‘Protestant Work Ethic’?
A
Calvinists were encouraged to work hard and reinvest their profits; prosperity ostensibly showed that God favored their obedience and hard work
18
Q
Why did King Henry VIII begin the Church of England?
A
- He wanted a male heir to succeed him, but after his wife gave birth to several daughters, Henry asked the Pope to annul his marriage so he could marry Anne Boleyn
- The pope refused out of worry over the reaction of Charles V, the powerful emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
- With the approval of English Parliament, set himself up as head of the new Church of England
19
Q
What was the other name for the Church of England? What did it set itself apart from?
A
The Anglican Church, free from the control of the pope in Rome
20
Q
How did Peter the Great assert his authority over the Church?
A
- Moved against the Orthodox Church
- Abolished the position of the Patriarch, and incorporated the Church into the Government
21
Q
What did Peter the Great replace with the Patriarch?
A
The Holy Synod
22
Q
What was the Holy Synod made up of?
A
- Composed of clergy men overseen by a secular official who answered to the tsar
- Composed of men over the age of 50
23
Q
What did Catholics do about the Protestant Reformation?
A
They began the Counter Reformation to fight against the Protestant Attacks
24
Q
What was the Catholic’s three pronged strategy?
A
- Increased the use of the Inquisition which was used to root out and punish non believers
- The Jesuits opposed the spread of Protestantism
- The Council of Trent corrected some of the worst of the Church’s abuses and concentrated on reaffirming the rituals such as marriage and other sacraments improving the education of priests
- Established the Index of Prohibited Books
25
Was the Counter-Reformation successful?
It was successful in that Catholicism remained predominant in the areas of Western Europe near the Mediterranean Sea.
26
What happened to Charles V?
- As ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, discouraged by his inability to stop the spread of Lutheranism
27
Who took control of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain after Charles V left?
- His son Philip II took Spain
- And to his brother, Ferdinand, the Holy Roman Empire
28
What did Philip II do during his rule?
- Philip II took the Catholic crusade to the Netherlands and ruled its 17 provinces
- He later tried to conquer and convert England
- In 1588, his Spanish Armada was defeated by English naval power
29
What ended the conflict between the Lutherans and the Holy Roman Empire?
- The Peace of Augsburg, allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran
30
What was the result of the Peace of Augsburg?
- As a result, churches and inhabitants were forced to practice the state religion
- People who refused could move to another state where their preferred religion was practiced.
31
Which two religions conflicted in France?
Catholics and Calvinists (Huguenots) fought for nearly half a century
32
How did King Henry IV try to unify France?
- Who had been raised Protestant, tried to unify the country by becoming a Catholic.
- Henry issued the Edict of Nantes, which allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith.
- The edict provided religious toleration in France for the next 87 years.
33
What did Louis XIV do to the Edict of Nantes?
- Issued the Revocation of The Edict of Nantes.
- As a result, France experienced social and economic effects.
34
What was the first great religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants?
- The Thirty Years War
35
What did the Thirty Years War lead to?
- Led to economic catastrophe for most of the continent
- It was the result of religious conflict within the Holy Roman Empire; and gradually developed into a more general conflict involving European powers.
- Resulted in widespread famine, starvation, and disease
- Solved with the Peace of Westphalia
36
What did the Peace of Westphalia allow?
-Allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholic, Lutheranism, or Calvinism
- Allowing rulers of various areas of the Holy Roman Empire to choose a denomination had important political effects
* It gave the countries and duchies much more autonomy than they previously had.
37
How did the Thirty Years War effect Prussia?
- After suffering tremendous destruction during the Thirty Years War developed a strong military to protect itself
38
How did Islam continue to be an enduring belief system?
- Ottoman Empire: After the siege of Constantinople, the area became Ottoman's dominant religion became Islam
- Safavids: Used Shi'a Islam as a unifying force, Shah Ismail built a power base that supported his rule and denied legitimacy to any Sunni
* This caused frequent hostilities within the Ottoman Empire
39
What was the Shariah?
- The sultan replaced the emperor and the Byzantine Empire's Justinian Law
- It was a strict Islamic legal system that deals with all aspects of life, such as criminal justice, marital laws, and issues of inheritance.
40
How was Akbar tolerant during his rule in the Ottoman Empire?
1. Gave money or land to Hindus and Muslims
2. Gave money for a Catholic church in Goa, on India's southwest coast
3. Provided land grants for the relatively new religion of Sikhism, which developed from Hinduism and Sufism
41
What was Sikhism?
A monotheistic faith that recognized the rights of other faiths to exist, became the fifth most popular religion in the world by the 21st century
42
How did Akbar try to ease tensions between Hindus and Muslims?
- He gave Hindus positions in his government - zamindars could be Hindu and married Hindu wives
- Exempted Hindus from poll taxes and paid by non-Muslims in the empire
- He enjoyed religious discussions, Akbar invited Catholic priests to Delhi to explain Christianity to him
43
What else did Akbar encourage? What did he try to prohibit?
- Art, learning, architecture, and literature
- Tried to prohibit child marriages and sati, the ritual in which widows killed themselves by jumping on the funeral pyres of their husbands
44
How did the Scientific Revolution begin?
- In a period of religious schisms, scientific thought represented a very different kind of thinking
- One based on reason rather than on faith-that would set in motion a monumental historical change
45
What was Empiricism? Who created it?
- An English scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon developed it
- It insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis
- He challenged traditional ideas that had been accepted for centuries and replace them with ones that could be demonstrated with evidence.
46
How did scientific thinking advance?
Though the correspondence of leading scholars
47
What did Sir Isaac Newton accomplish?
- Combining Galileo's laws of terrestrial motion and Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion, published a work on gravitational force called Principa
* Influenced science and mathematics and helped lead to a new vision of the world
48
What did science show to the world?
Many intellectuals thought that science showed that the world was ordered and rational and that natural laws applied to the rational and orderly progress of governments and society
- This thinking is key to the Enlightenment
