Topic 6 -11 Flashcards
(17 cards)
What is the humoral immune response?
The humoral immune response reacts to antigens found outside the body cells, producing antibodies by plasma cells.
Which cells produce antibodies in the humoral immune response?
B cells
What is the role of T cells in the humoral immune response?
T cells first activate the B cells.
What are the two main stages of the humoral immune response?
T helper activation and the effector stage.
What happens during T helper activation?
Clonal expansion - T memory and T helper cells
What is an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?
A macrophage that presents antigens from a bacterium at MHCs.
What occurs after a macrophage APC binds to a T helper cell?
The T cell is activated, divides to form T memory cells and active T helper cells.
What are the effects of antibodies?
Antibodies work through:
* Opsonisation
* Precipitation
* Agglutination
* Lysis
Fill in the blank: Opsonisation is when particles are coated with antibody marking them for _______.
phagocytosis
Fill in the blank: Precipitation makes soluble toxins _______ and inactive.
insoluble
What is agglutination in the context of the humoral immune response?
Clumping microorganisms together for easier phagocytosis.
What is lysis?
The breaking open of bacterial cells.
How do B cells take in antigens from APCs?
By endocytosis.
What does an activated T helper cell produce to stimulate B cells?
Cytokines
What do B effector cells differentiate into?
Plasma cells
What do plasma cells secrete?
Antibodies
True or False: B memory cells are produced during the humoral immune response.
True
