TOXICOLOGY AND DRUG OF ABUSE Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
single and short term exposure to a substance
A
acute toxicity
2
Q
repeated exposure for an extended period of time
A
chronic toxicity
3
Q
dose that would be predicted to a toxic response in 50% of the population
A
TD50
4
Q
dose that would predict death in 50% of the population
A
LD50
5
Q
dose that would be predicted as effective or has a therapeutic benefit in 50% of the population
A
ed50
6
Q
toxic agent that are the common CNS depressants
A
alcohol
7
Q
toxic agent that can cause disorientation, euphoria, confusion, and may progress to unconsciousness, paralysis, and even death
A
alcohol
8
Q
symptoms of alcohol intoxication begin when the concentration is
A
> 0.05% w/v or >50mg/dl blood alcohol
9
Q
the most common abused drug/alcohol; a cns depressant
A
ethanol
10
Q
this alcohol causes diuresis by inhibiting ADH
A
ethanol (grain alcohol)
11
Q
this alcohol is readily absorbed in the GIT and diffuses easily in tissues
A
ethanol
12
Q
ethanol abuse causes ___ through the accumulation of ketones and lactate
A
acidosis
13
Q
major metabolic pathway of ethanol
A
conversion of ETHANOL to ACETALDEHYDE and ACETYL COENZYME A by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase
14
Q
symptoms of ethanol intoxication
A
blurred vision
incoordination
slurred speech
coma
15
Q
the hangover symptoms of ethanol abuse is caused by
A
effect of acetaldehyde
16
Q
fatal dose of ethanol
A
300-400 ml of pure alcohol consumed in less than 1 hr
17
Q
peak blood level of ethanol will be found or arise in blood after how many hrs of intake
A
within an hour
18
Q
toxic blood level of ethanol
A
> 400 mg/dl
19
Q
a >500 mg/dl of ethanol in the blood means
A
subject for hemodialysis
20
Q
this alcohol is a commonly used solvent and a contaminant of homemade liquors
A
methanol
21
Q
methanol is converted first to ____ then finally to ___ in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase
A
formaldehyde then finally to formic acid
22
Q
symptoms of intoxication of methanol
A
frank blindness (ocular toxicity)
metabolic acidosis
23
Q
screening test for methanol
A
computation of osmolal gap
24
Q
preferred method for methanol determination
A
GC-MS
25
fatal dose of methanol
60-250
26
toxic level of methanol
> 50 mg/dl
27
relationship of isopropanol in GIT absorption
rapidly absorbed by GIT
28
isopropanol is metabolized by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase to
acetone
29
symptoms of intoxication of isopropanol
CNS depression and hypertension
30
indication of toxicity of isopropanol
increased acetone in the blood and urine
31
preferred method for isopropanol determination
Gas chromatography
32
antidote for isopropanol (rubbing alcohol)
activated charcoal
33
fatal dose for isopropanol (rubbing alcohol)
250 ml
34
it is a common constituent of hydraulic fluid and antifreeze
ethylene glycol (1,2 ethanediol)
35
ethylene glycol is converted into __ and ___ by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase
oxalic acid and glycolic acid
36
symptoms of ethylene glycol intoxication
metabolic acidosis
depressed reflexes
anuria
necrosis
37
mode of treatment of ethylene glycol
inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase
38
major metabolite of ethylene glycol
glycolic acid (cause of acute toxicity and deatj )
39
preferred method of ethylene glycol
HPLC
40
fatal dose of ethylene glycol
100 grams
41
is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, and a very toxic substance
carbon monoxide
42
produced by incomplete combustion of carbon containing substances such as gasoline engines, organic materials in fire, and cigarette smoke
carbon monoxide
43
carbon monoxide can binds to heme proteins (cytochromes, hgb, myoglobin)
the binding of carbon monoxide to cytochrome can cause
inhibition of cellular respiration and electron transport
44
carbon monoxide can binds to heme proteins (cytochromes, hgb, myoglobin)
the binding of carbon monoxide to hgb and myoglovbin can cause
reduce oxygen supply to cardiac and skeletal muscles, and direct damage to muscles
45
among oxygen and carbon monoxide, which one has higher affinity for hemoglobin
carbon monoxide
46
what will result when the carbon monoxide clings with hemoglobin
producing carboxyhemoglobin
47
carbon monoxide relationship with nitrous oxide
stimulates production of nitrous oxide resulting to hypotension and neurologic changes
48
major toxic effect of carbon monoxide
tissue hypoxia due to diminish oxyhemoglobin saturation (shift to the left of the oxygen dissociation curve)
49
toxic level of carbon monoxide
20%
50
susceptible organs of carbon monoxide
brain and heat
51
indication of acute toxicity of carbon monoxide
"cherry red" color of the face
52
definitive method of carbon monoxide
cooximetry (carboxyhemoglobin measurement )
53
cyanide can exist as
solid, liquid, and in solution
54
describe the toxicity of cyanide
super toxic substance (fast acting toxin), death may occur less than an hour
55
this toxic agent is a component of insecticides and rodenticides, and a common suicidal agent
cyanide
56
this toxic agent is a pyrolysis product (burning of plastics )
cyanide
57
how cyanide expresses its toxicity
by binding to iron (ferric and ferrous form) containing substances such as hemoglobin and cytochrome oxidase - resulting in tissue and cellular hypoxia
58
toxic effect of cyanide
inhibition of the electron transport chain and cell death
59
antidote for cyanide
sodium thiosulfate
amyl
sodium nitrite
60
toxic symptoms of cyanide
tachypnea
convulsions
coma
61
toxic level of cyanide
> 2 ug/ml
62
this metal is a component of ant poisons, rodenticides, paints and metal alloys
arsenic
63
this metal is a common homicide or suicide agent and a common agent of heavy metal poisoning
arsenic
64
this metal inhibits sulfhydryl enzymes throughout the body and it crosses placenta
arsenic
65
how arsenic expresses its toxicity
by high affinity binding to the thiol groups in proteins
66
elimination of arsenic
excretion in the urine
67
samples for assessment of short term exposure of arsenic
blood and urine
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samples for assessment of long term exposure of arsenic
hair and nails (mees lines )
69
symptoms of intoxication of arsenic
hyperpigmentation
dryness of the mount
difficulty in swallowing
anorexia
and bloody diarrhea
70
indication of toxicity of arsenic
"odor of garlic" breath
metallic state
71
antidote for arsenic
british anti lewisite (BAL) for arsenic rescue of affected cells
72
toxic form of arsenic
inorganic forms of arsenic (trivalent arsenic and pentavalent arsenic )
73
most toxic form of arsenic
arsenic trioxide (trivalent) forming arsine gas
74
this metal is utilized in electroplating and galvaning
cadmium
75
this metal is signicant environmental pollutant and a pigment in paints and plastics
cadmium
76
poisoning of cadmium can result from ___
ingestion of acidic foods stored or prepared in metal containers made up of cadmium
77
this metal's toxicity may result to destruction of type 1 epithelial cells in the lungs and decreased resistance to bacterial infections
cadmium
78
major route of elimination of cadmium
excreted in feces
79
renal indicator of cadmium
+ GGT in urine samples
80
this metal is potent enzyme inhibitor by blocking the delta aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase, pyrimidine S nucleotidase and Na K dependent ATPase
lead
81
common source of Lead
paints and gasoline
82
mode of acquisition of lead
ingestion or inhalation
83
indications of toxicity of lead
+ urine aminolevulinic acid
free rbc protoporphyrin
basophilic stippling in RBC
84
lead chelators
edta and DMA (dimercaptosuccinic acid )
85
this metal has a characteristic of "wrist drop or foot drop" manifestation (peripheral neuropathy )
lead
86
this metal has the ability to "amalgate" - mix or merge with other substances
mercury
87
major toxic effect of elemental mercury
pink disease (acrodynia) and erethism
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major toxic effect of alkalyl mercury
congenital minimata disease
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major route excretion of mercury
through bile
90
general toxic effect of mercury
organ dysfunction such as of the lungs, kidney, and CNS
91
it is a product of incomplete combustion or heating of organic material containing carbon and hydrogen
benzo (A) pyrene (B(A)P)
92
it is known environment contaminant with carcinogenic property
Benzo (A) pyrene
93
it is therapeutically used for treatment of narcolepsy and attentional deficit disorder
amphetamines
94
it increases mental alertness and physical capacity and has anorectic property
amphetamines
95
it is structurally related to dopamine and catecholamines
amphetamines
96
it causes the release or (together with cocaine) of dopamine from the brain leading to a "pleasant or high feeling" among users
amphetamines
97
these are chemically associated to the male hormone testosterone
anabolic steroids
98
they improve athletic performance by increasing muscle mass
anabolic steroids
99
naturally occuring canabinoids
marijuana and hashish
100
is the most potent component or the psychoactive substance of marijuana that induces a sense of well-being and euphoria
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
101
is a lipophilic substance that is stored in the adipose tissues
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
102
can THC easily enter brain
yes
103
is also associated with impairment of memory and intellectual function
THC
104
dangerous synthetic cannabinoids
spice or K2
105
cocaine is also known as
crack
106
it an alkaloid salt (ecgonine) that can be taken directly (insufflation of IV) or by inhalation/snorting
cocaine (crack)
107
it is derived from coca plant (erythroxylon) and used as an additive to some foods
cocaine (crack)
108
it is used as a local anesthetic for nasopharyngeal surgery
cocaine (crack)
109
is a potent CNS stimulant that elicits a sense of excitement and euphoria
cocaine (crack)
110
it induces the release of endorphins with hallucinatory effect while increasing physical activity
cocaine (crack)
111
it has not been considered as an addictive drug since it does not exhibit true dependence commonly seen in abusers of barbiturates and opiates
cocaine (crack )
112
crosses the placenta and mammary glands (readily passed from mothers to infants) resulting to mental retardation, slow mental development, and drug dependence in newborns
cocaine (crack)
113
it can cause malformations in uterus
cocaine (crack)
114
inhibitor of cocaine (crack)
prozac
115
treatment for cocaine addiction
Benzodiazepine
116
they are capable of analgesicm, sedation, and anesthesia
opiates
117
opiates are derived from
opium poppy
118
naturally occuring opiates
opium
morphine
codeine
119
commonly tested opiates
morphine and codeins
120
toxic effects of opiates
respiratory acidosis
myoglobinurua
cardiopulmonary failure
failure
pupillary constriction "pin-point pupils "
121
structurally similar with heroin and morphine
codeine
122
codeine is an ___ drug
anti-tussive
123
_____ "lollipops or patches" are extremely analgesics than morphine
fentanyl
124
angel dust or angel hair is also called as
phencyclidine
125
phencyclidine
about ___ to ___% is unchanged when excreted in the urine
10-15%
126
phencyclidine
___ of urine eliminates this drug by renal excretion
acidification
127
toxic effects is blurred "undulating vision" and synesthesia
lysergic acid diethylamine
128
they produce same pleasant feeling observed in amphetamine
piperazines
129
"businessman's lunch" which is taken by smoking
DMT of tryptamines
130
examples of tryptamines
DMT and psilocsin
131
derivatives of serotonin and some compounds present in plants
tryptamines
132
cathinones are also known as
bath salts
133
these drugs are naturally occuring B keto amphetamines with known psychostimulant properties
cathinones (bath salts)
134
they may cause false-positive methamphetamine drug screening result
cathinones (bath salts )
135
is a hallucinogen and a component of "magic mushroom"
psilocin of tryptamines
136
most common adverse reaction : panic reaction "badtrip "
lysergic acid diethylamide
137
