LEC- ELECTROLYTES INTRO AND SODIUM

Question 1

are ions capable of carrying an electric charge

Answer 1

electrolytes

Question 2

fluid always contains equal numbers of cations and anions, and this balance of charges is referred to as

Answer 2

electroneutrality

Question 3

how many % of the body’s water are inside the cells

Answer 3

60% and the remaining is in the bloodstream or tissue fluids

basta 60% inside, 40% sa labas ng cells

Question 4

the balance of electrolytes in plasma is an interplay between the __ function and the influence of the ___

Answer 4

kidney; endocrine

Question 5

human infants are approx % of water by mass

Answer 5

75%

Question 6

human adults are approx % of water by mass

Answer 6

50% to 60%

Question 7

is the average water content of the human body

Answer 7

40% to 75%

Question 8

we know that 60% are inside the cell and the rest are in the bloodstream or tissue fluids, how many liters of fluid passes from the blood to the tissue spaces daily?

Answer 8

30 liters of fluid

Question 9

fraction of EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (?/3) of the total body water

Answer 9

1/3

Question 10

fraction of INTRACELLULAR FLUID (?/3) of the total body water

Answer 10

2/3

Question 11

if 1/3 is the ECF, how many liters is it if the total body water

Answer 11

16 liters

Question 12

if 2/3 is the ICF, how many liters is it if the total body water

Answer 12

24 liters

Question 13

influence of age and obesity in the water content of the body

Answer 13

decreases

Question 14

normal plasma is composed of how many percent of water and solute

Answer 14

93% water
7% solute

Question 15

how many percent higher is the water content of a plasma than the whole blood

Answer 15

12% higher - mas diluted kasi si plasma

Question 16

retention of 3 liters of fluid in the tissues will result in

Answer 16

edema

Question 17

deficiency in _____ causes 10-20 liters of water excreted daily

Answer 17

arginine vasopressin

Question 19

the main determinant of the extracellular volume

Answer 19

salt content of the body

Question 20

extracellular fluid is about 40% of the total water percentage of the body

it is 16 liters as well circulating

1/3 of the total body water

but what is its composition and percentage

Answer 20

interstitial volume 11.2 Liters (28%)
plasma volume 3.2 Liters (8%)
transcellular volume 1.6 Liters (4%)

Question 21

sodium is also known as

Answer 21

natrium

Question 22

major extracellular cation, hence the major contributor of osmolality

Answer 22

sodium

Question 23

the principal osmotic particle outside the cell

Answer 23

sodium

Question 24

how many sodium is an equal to potassium for them to exchange gradient

Answer 24

3 sodium
2 potassium

3 sodium will go out of the cell
2 potassium will go inside

Question 25

the transporting of sodium outside and potassium inside is regulated by what pump or enzyme

Answer 25

Na+/K+ ATPase ion pump

Question 26

how many percent of filtered sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 26

60-75%

Question 28

aldosterone is synthesized in __

Answer 28

adrenal cortex

Question 29

this hormone induces sodium retention in the renal tubules, thereby promoting conservation of water

Answer 29

aldosterone

Question 30

an endogenous anti-hypertensive agent secreted from the cardiac atria

Answer 30

atrial natriuretic factor

Question 31

effect of atrial natriuretic factor to aldosterone and renin secretion

Answer 31

blocks aldosterone and renin secretion, thus, inhibiting the action of angiotensin II and vasoppressin

Question 32

atrial natriuretic factor causes natriuresis, what is natriuresis?

Answer 32

excretion of sodium to urine

Question 33

aside from ANF what is the other hormone that can promote natriuresis and is produced in the renal tubules and belongs to the group of natriuretic peptides

Answer 33

urodilantin

Question 34

effect of catecholamines to sodium

Answer 34

reabsorption - tropa sila niyan ni aldosterone

Question 35

hypernatremia is seen in what conditions

Answer 35

conn's disease (hyperaldosteronism ) `sodium` bicarbonate infusion increased oral or IV intake of NaCl ingestion of sea water

Question 36

what is SIADH

Answer 36

excessive secretion of ADH - increase water retention

Question 37

why is there ketonuria in icnreased sodium loss

Answer 37

because ketonuria release negative charge ions causing sodium to attract and disrupt the osmotic balance

Question 38

why is there excess water loss in hyperventilation

Answer 38

due to vaporization of water upon breathing

Question 39

methods for SODIUM determination

Answer 39

emission flame photometry ion selective electrode colorimetry - albanese-lein

Question 40

what is the routine method for sodium determination

Answer 40

ion selective electrode

Question 41

the ISE membrane for sodium is made up of

Answer 41

glass aluminum silicate

Question 42

the end color of albanse-lein

Answer 42

yellow

Question 43

the reagent of albanese lein

Answer 43

sodium uranyl zinc acetate

Question 44

hypernatremia usually does not occur unless the ___ mechanism is impaired

Answer 44

thirst

Question 45

is the major defense against hyperosmolality and hypernatremia

Answer 45

thirst

Question 46

too rapid decline of sodium may cause

Answer 46

cerebral edema and death

Question 47

too rapid rise of sodium may develop ___

Answer 47

osmotic demyelination

Question 48

the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice

Answer 48

hyponatremia

Question 49

decreased osmolality, is the most common cause of hypponatremia either due to ___

Answer 49

sodium loss or water retention

Question 50

hypernatremia is characterized by increased plasma sodium _____mmol/L

Answer 50

>145 mmol/L

Question 51

is caused by loss of water, gain of sodium (excess solutes), or both

Answer 51

hypernatremia

Question 52

in bartter syndrome, hyponatremia is not corrected with fluid restriction t or f

Answer 52

true In Bartter syndrome, hyponatremia is not corrected with fluid restriction because the primary issue is salt wasting, not water retention.

Question 53

loss of NaCl in sweat is very evident in

Answer 53

cystic fibrosis

Question 54

it is the reduction in serum sodium concentration caused by a systemic error in measurement

Answer 54

pseudohyponatremia

Question 55

the most common cause of pseudohyponatremia

Answer 55

in vitro hemolysis due to dilution

Question 56

urine Na having >20 mmol.day means

Answer 56

renal failure

Question 57

urine Na having <20 mmol.day means

Answer 57

non renal causes such as hepatic cirrhosis