Flashcards in toxicology lecture 2 Deck (48)
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1
what are the 4 rodenticide toxicities
1. warfarin
2. bromethalin
3.cholecalciferol (vitamine D3)
4. zinc phosphide
2
what are anticoagulant rodenticides
- they are Vit K antagonists (our body can recycle and reuse Vitamin K)
-interferes with the production of vitamin K dependent clotting factors in the liver
3
what is the lag period of the coagulation system when vitamin K is depleted
3-5 days between exposure and appearance of clinical signs
4
how long does is take to see clinical signs if vitamin K is depleted
about 3 days, because then all the stored of vitamin K will have been consumed
5
what is the 1st generation of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity
warfarin base
6
what is warfarin base
-warfarin, diphacinone, pidone
-short acting anticoagulant
- depress clotting factors for about 7 to 10 days
7
what is the 2nd generation of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity
coumarin base
8
what is a coumarin base
bromadiolone, brodifacoum, super-warfarin - greater potency and accumulation effects in the liver
-depressed clotting factos for approx a month
9
what are the LD50 values for bromadiolone (super-warfarin)
rats 1.125 mg/kg b.w.
mice 1.75 mg/kg b.w.
rabbits 1 mg/kg/ b.w.
10
what are the LD50 values for warfarin
rats 3mg/kg
mice 437 mg/kg
rabbits 800 mg/kg
11
what are the clinic signs of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity
3- 5 days post ingestion =
1. intracavital bleeding (lungs and abd), melena, epistaxis etc.
2. lethargy, excercise tolerance, inappetence, pallor, dyspnea
3. sudden death - paricardium, cranium, thorax etc
4.mild thrombocytopenia (secondary to blood loss, do not interfere with platelet production or function
**check poo
12
what is the diagnosis of rodenticide toxicity
-prolongation of PT (prothrombin time) and greater than PTT (thromboplastin time) and development of CS
13
what is the treatment of rodenticide toxicity
antidote - vitamin K1
thoracocentesis
14
what is CNS rodenticide toxicity
bromethalin (fastra, tomcat)
decreases mitochronrial ATP production in brain and liver
15
in CNS rodenticide toxicity less than LD50 what are the paralytic signs and when do they start
1 -4 days
hind limb weakness, ataxia, tremors, loss of deep pain, decreased propriception
16
in CNS rodenticide toxicity more than LD50 what are the convulsant signs and when do they start
4 - 36 hrs
hyperthermia, seizures, hyperexcitability
17
what is calciferol rodenticide toxicity
cholecalciferol (vitamin D#)
-orhto-mouse-B-gone, quintox, rampage
-increase calcium absorption from food and bones -> soft tissues calcification, nephrosis, cardiac arrhythmia
-free calcium levels are high and lead to mieralization of blood vessels and tissues (organs) = system calcification
18
what are the clinical signs of calciferol rodenticide toxicity
12 - 36 hrs post ingestion
anorexia, vomiting, muscle weakness, PU/PD, arrhythmia, seizures, hypercalcemia
19
what treatment can be used for calciferol rodenticide toxicity
furosamide, prednisone, calcitonin (lowers the calcium level by excreting or slowing down)
20
what is zinc phosphide
- sweeneys toxic peanuts, ACME gopher killer pellets, mold guard
-forms phosphine gase -> interrupt mitochondria process -> cell death and cellular oxidative damage
21
what are the clinical signs of zinc phosphide
appears rapidly after ingestion
-vomiting, +/- hemorrhage, anorexia, deep/wheezy respirations, ataxia, and hypoxia
-hard to detect because it degrades rapidly
22
what are the treatment of zinc phosphide
sodium bicarbonate slows the hydrolysis into gas, induce vomit in a well ventilated area to prevent exposure
23
what is organophosphate and carbamate intoxication
-it inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and synatic cleft
AchE - is an enzyme that degrades the neurotrasmitter acetylcholine in the nervous system
24
what does having excessive Ach do in the synapse
it accumulates with overstimulates muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
25
what are the clinical signs of organophosphate and carbamate intoxication
V/D, urination, miosis, bronchospasm, bronchorrhea, lacrimation, salivation, bradycardia
26
what are the nicotinic signs of organophosphate and carbamate intoxication
muscle tremors, twitiching, weakness and paralysis
27
what the CNS signs of organophosphate and carbamate intoxication
seizures, and coma
28
what is the treatment of organophosphate and carbamate intoxication
-decomtamination
-supportive care (fluid and oxygen)
-atropine
-pralidoxime
-diazepram
29
what is acetaminophen toxicity
NSAID - 90% is metabolized by the sulfate and glucuronide pathways (liver and kidneys) -> nontoxic metabolites
5% is metabolized by NAPQI
-can be neutralized by bind with endogenous glutathione and then excretes it out
30
