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trait theories Flashcards

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1
Q

tendency of human beings to notice commonalities and differences in behaviors and put them into general categories and also try to explain why they might have these qualities

A

dispositional and biological basis of personality

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2
Q

Gordon Allport studied

A

social ethics

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3
Q

Allport influenced

A

Cattle, Eysenck

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4
Q

allport continuing theories

A

personality development is an accumulation of skills, habits, discriminations

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5
Q

allports discontinued theories

A

an organism experiences genuine transformations or changes

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6
Q

allport had how many words in his list for personality

A

4500

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7
Q

personality: dynamic

A

moving and changing

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8
Q

personality: organized

A

structured

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9
Q

psychophysical

A

involving both the mind and body

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10
Q

personality: determines

A

structures by the past and predisposing of the future

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11
Q

characteristic

A

unique for each individual

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12
Q

it is a real entity that one day might be shown on the level of

A

neural and physiological components

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13
Q

traits are essentially

A

unique to each indivisual

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14
Q

traits are ____ structures within a person

A

neuropsychic

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15
Q

traits are not simply

A

labels we use to describe or classify behaviors

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16
Q

traits determining

A

tendency or a disposition to respond to the world in certain ways

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17
Q

hypothetical constructs that permit us to make comparisons between individuals

A

common traits

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18
Q

personal dispositions

A

describe a persons uniqueness; concrete, easily recognized, consistencies in our behaviors

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19
Q

cardinal disposition

A

lust for power

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20
Q

central disposition

A

what we mean as traits
intelligent, responsible, independent, sensitive, caring

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21
Q

secondary disposition

A

specific, focused, aggressive at home, submissive with people of power

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22
Q

radical discontinuity between the neurotic and healthy personality

A

maturity

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23
Q

criteria for health and maturity

A

extension of the same self
warm relating to self and others
emotional security
realistic perception, skills, assignments
self-objectification
unifying philosophy of life

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24
Q

nomothetic approach

A

studying large groups to find universal principles, general variables, common traits

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25
idiographic approach
studying the individual in order to understand uniqueness
26
trait theory focuses on
identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predisposition
27
surface traits
characteristics or attributes that can be inferred from observable behavior
28
source traits
broad, basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and relatively few in number
29
cattell reduced allports 4500 to
171
30
cattell proposed ____ personality factors
16
31
cattell definition of personality
permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation
32
(cattell) surface
clusters of overt behavior responses that appear to go together
33
(cattell) source
underlying variable that determine surface manifestations
34
factory analysis
correlation technique used to identify traits
35
social cognitive perspective
stresses conscious thought processes, self-regulation, and the importance of situational influences rather than unconscious mental influences and instinctual drives
36
social cognitive personality theorists rely on
experimental findings
37
bandura social cognitive theory
emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy beliefs and reciprocal determinism
38
reciprocal determinism
explains human functioning and personality caused by interaction of behavioral, cognitive, environmental factors
39
self efficacy
beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation self-confidence
40
self esteem
evaluation of self worth that is largely dependent on how society evaluates our attributes and how our behavior meets our views of our worthiness
41
strengths with social cognitive perspective
well grounded in empirical, lab research major impact on the study of personality emphasizes the self-regulation of behavior places most of the responsibility for behavior on the person
42
limitations of social cognitive perspective
lab experiences simple and may not reflect complexity of human interactions in the real world influences of the unconscious, emotions, and conflicts downplayed
43
Murray personology
unique interdisciplinary study of the individual
44
Murray personality
reflection of behaviors controlled by needs and presses
45
needs
force in the brain that organizes our perception, understanding and behavior potential readiness to behave in a certain way primary needs, secondary needs
46
press
force from objects or persons within environment that help or hinder an individual reaching goals
47
Murray theory
entire person over the course of their lifespan
48
who says people are free/determined; positive/negative; nature/nurture; unique/universal; past/present
Murray
49
thematic apperception test
consists of 31 cars
50
Goldberg reduced cattells 16 factors to
5
51
some of the measures based on the five-factor model
IPIP NEO-PI-R the ten-item personality inventory five item personality inventory
52
most mainstream and widely accepted framework for personality
big 5
53
differences among people in the 5 factor model are
stable genetic
54
OCEAN
openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism
55
neuroticism
chronic negative affect health complaints mortality rates suffering silently
56
openness
liberal and democratic values, open mindedness, tolerance life-long better cognition, IQ dressing up well, greater achievement, greater levels of entrepreneurship
57
conscientiousness
high school and university and academic success quality friendships spirituality forgiveness dressing up well successful entrepreneurship
58
agreeableness
more satisfactory romantic relationship positive outlook towards others truthful in personal revelations
59
some traits are more stable than others
intro/extraversion emotionality and activity level self esteem optimism or pessimism
60
some traits decrease over time
neuroticism openness extraversion
61
some traits increase over time
agreeableness conscientiousness
62
some researchers claim there is only one factor with two poles
stability/instability
63
some personality traits do not change over lifespan in response to experiences
neuroticism agreeableness conscientiousness emotional stability
64
personality growth linked to better career outcome
increases in extraversion and conscientiousness decrease in neuroticism
65
high ____= higher brain activation to positive images
extraversion
66
high _____= higher brain activation to negative images
neuroticism
67
extraversion: larger tissue volume in the
medial orbitofrontal cortex
68
medial orbitiofrontal cortex
brain region that is associated with sensitivity to rewarding stimulus
69
agreeableness: increased volume in the
posterior cingulate cortex
70
posterior cingulate cortex
region associated with understanding the beliefs of others
71
consciousness: large region of
frontal cortex
72
frontal cortex
planning, working memory, self-regulation
73
neuroticism: mixed patterns of
brain structures differences related to sensitivity to threat and punishment
74
behavior genetics
interdisciplinary field that studies the effect of genes and heredity on behavior
75
HEXACO
honest-humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience
76
strengths of trait perspective
psychologists agree that people can be described and compared in terms of basic personality traits
77
limitations of trait perspective
human personality not really explains explanation of how or why individual differences develop not explained failure to address other important personality issues

personality psychology (9 decks)

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