Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

The Endocrine System > Type 1 Diabetes > Flashcards

Type 1 Diabetes Flashcards

(59 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What usually causes the inception of type 1 diabetes?

A

An environmental trigger in a genetically susceptible individual leading to an autoimmune process involving pancreatic beta cell destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The days of patients frequently dying from ketoacidosis induced comas are gone. What are patients with type 1 diabetes most likely to ultimately die from now?

A

Cardiovascular or renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Histologically how do the islet cells appear in type 1 diabetes?

A

The islet cells are filled with lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Histologically how do the islet cells look with type 2 diabetes?

A

There is amyloid deposition around the islet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which genotypes are associated with increased type 1 diabetes risk?

A
  1. HLA DR3-DQ2
  2. HLA DR4-DQ8
  3. Insulin gene (on chromosome 11)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Incidence rates for type 1 diabetes are worse at which time of the year?

A

Winter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which islet cell antibodies may be detected in type 1 diabetes?

A
  1. IA2
  2. IAA
  3. GAD65
  4. ZnT8
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which antibodies for T1DM are more commonly sensitive for younger patients?

A
  1. IA2
  2. IAA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which antibodies for T1DM are more commonly sensitive for older patients?

A
  1. GAD65
  2. ZnT8
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Clinical type 1 diabetes can be accelerated by which factors?

A
  1. Infection
  2. Insulin resistance
  3. Puberty
  4. Diet/weight
  5. Stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the foetal risk factors which cause there to be an increased chance of developing diabetes?

A
  1. Infection
  2. Older mother
  3. ABO mismatch
  4. Birth order (1st child more suseptible)
  5. Stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If a patient is prediabetic, what are the risk factors which could cause them to beome clinical diabetics?

A
  1. Viral infection
  2. Vitamin D deficiency
  3. Diet
  4. Environmental toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the typical triad of symptoms in T1DM?

A
  1. Polyuria
  2. Polydipsia
  3. Weight loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does polyuria manifest in children?

A

As enuresis - inability to control urination e.g. wetting the bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

As well as the classic triad of T1DM symptoms, which other symptoms may be experienced?

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Blurred vision
  3. Candidal infection
  4. Ketoacidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Candidal infection may cause which conditions in males and females with T1DM?

A
  1. Pruritis vulvae
  2. Balanitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the key features of clinical diabetes?

A
  1. Raised glucose
  2. Ketones
  3. Decreased insulin secretion
  4. Decreased beta cell mass
  5. Decreased C-peptide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

An annual review assessment for someone with T1DM should include which tests?

A
  1. Weight
  2. BP
  3. Bloods - HbA1c, renal function, lipids
  4. Retinal screening
  5. Foot risk assessment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Children are more likely to develop type 1 diabetes if their __________ has the condition

A

Children are more likely to develop type 1 diabetes if their father has the condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the microvascular complications of chronic poor glycaemic control?

A
  1. Retinopathy
  2. Nephropathy
  3. Neuropathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

At which age is type 1 diabetes diagnosed most often?

A

5-15 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the onset of T1DM

A

Short with severe symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

At presentation with T1DM, there are ________ complications

A

At presentation with T1DM, there are rarely complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Type 1 diabetes is associated with weight ______

Study These Flashcards
A

Type 1 diabetes is associated with weight loss

25
What is LADA?
Latent onset diabetes of adulthood
26
Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed at which age?
\>25years
27
Describe the onset of type 2 diabetes
Insidious onset with (initially) mild symptoms
28
At presentation with T2DM there are __________ complications
At presentation with T2DM there are **commonly** complications
29
Which factors are most associated with LADA?
1. Male 2. 25-40 years 3. Non-obese 4. AA +ve 5. Other autoimmune conditions 6. Not requiring insulin at presentation
30
In which autoimmune condition is there a very high chance of also suffering from type 1 diabetes?
Cystic fibrosis
31
In those with cystic fibrosis, which screening test can aid in picking up T1DM?
OGTT from the age of 10
32
Which autoimmune conditions can be commonly associated with T1DM?
1. Thyroid disease 2. Coeliac disease 3. Pernicious anaemia 4. Addison's disease 5. IgA deficiency 6. **Cystic fibrosis**
33
Which rare auto-immune conditions may be implicated in those with T1DM?
1. Polyglandular endicrinopathy syndromes (types 1 and 2) 2. AIRE mutations 3. IPEX syndrome
34
By which other name is Wolfram syndrome known?
DIDMOAD
35
What is Wolfram syndrome?
An autosomal recessive disorder encompassing: 1. **D**iabetes **i**nsipidius 2. **D**iabetes **m**ellitus 3. **O**ptic **a**trophy 4. **D**eafness 5. Neurological abnormalites
36
What is Bardet-Biedl syndrome?
A ciliopathic human genetic disorder associated with: 1. Obesity 2. Polydactyly 3. Hypogonadal 4. Visual impairment 5. Hearing 6. Mental retardation 7. Diabetes
37
On which continent is type 1 diabetes most common?
Europe
38
Which viruses have the strongest association as triggers for T1DM?
1. Congenital rubella syndrome 2. Human enteroviruses
39
Coeliac disease shares which genotype with T1DM?
HLA-DQ2
40
What is insulitis?
Inflammation of the beta cell
41
At which stage will hypeglycaemia develop in type 1 diabetes?
When 80-90% of the pancreatic beta cells are destroyed
42
Why is it that patients with type 1 diabetes present with hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis?
Patients cannot utilise glucose in peripheral glucose and adipose tissues There is no insulin to allow this storage to happen Instead, the secretion of counter-regulatory hormones increases Examples include glucagon, adrenaline, cortisol and growth hormone These hormones can induce gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and ketogenesis in the liver This means patients will have increased blood glucose levels and a metabolic acidosis due to the by products of glucose production in this way
43
Long term hyperglycaemia can lead to what type of complications?
Vascular complications
44
Why do vascular complications occur with chronic hyperglycaemia?
1. Glycosylation of proteins in tissue and serum 2. Production of sorbitol (reduced glucose) 3. Free radical damage
45
What are macrovascular complications of chronic hyperglycaemia?
1. Cardiovascular disease 2. Cerebrovascular disease 3. PVD
46
Why is it that chronic hyperglycaemia causes atheroma formation and PVD?
Hyperglycaemia causes oxidative stress by neutralising nitric oxide This results in dysfunctional endothelium which allows LDL entry into the vessel wall This induces a slow inflammatory process which results in atheroma formation
47
What are the two types of type 1 diabetes?
1. Autoimmune/classical 2. Idiopathic
48
How common is idiopathic type 1 diabetes, which population is it most common in and how is it characterised?
Not common Asians Abscence of antibodies, yet beta cell destruction
49
Why is early diagnosis possible in type 1 diabetes?
Glucose and HbA1c rise well before symptoms commence
50
If a patient presents with ketoacidosis, how will you know?
Smell of ketones on breath like **pear drops** Dehydration and acidotic symptoms: 1. Nausea and vomiting 2. Abdominal pain 3. Tachypnoea 4. Tachycardia 5. Lethargy
51
In a symptomatic patient, in which 4 ways can T1 diabetes be confirmed?
1. Random plasma glucose \>11mmol/l 2. Fasting plasma glucose \>6.9mmol/l 3. 2hr OGTT (75mg glucose) \>11mmol/l 4. HbA1c \> 48mmol/mol
52
In type 1 diabetes, what can there be autoantibodies for?
1. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 2. Insulin (IAA) 3. Islet antigens (IA2) 4. Zinc transporter ZnT8
53
John, an obese teenager with a family history of T2DM has high blood glucose. How do you differentiate between type 1 and 2 diabetes?
1. Low C-peptide levels 2. Anti-GAD antibodies Both of these indicate **T1DM**
54
What is the typical age of presentation for T1DM?
5 - 15 years
55
Which genes are considered susceptibilty genes?
1. DR4-DQ8 2. DR3-DQ2
56
Which infectious agents have beens associated with triggering T1DM?
Congenital rubella and human enteroviruses
57
How is fasting defined?
No calorific intake for at least **8 hours**
58
What value of random plasma glucose is diagnostic of T1DM?
11mmol/l
59
What value of fasting plasma glucose is diagnostic for T1DM?
\>6.9mmol/l

The Endocrine System (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions